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the: red book. 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY ; 

OR, 

THE ART OF 

TEACHING SPELLING BY WRITING: 

CONTAINING 

AN IMPROVED METHOD OF DICTATING, 

IMitt) ISvtttiutu tot practice; 

AND 

COLLECTIONS OF WORDS 

OF DIFFICULT, IRREGULAR AND VARIABLE SPELLING. 

INTENDED FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS, LEARNERS, 
WRITERS, PRINTERS, AND ALL OTHER PERSONS 
WHO DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND THE ORTHOG- 
RAPHY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



BY WILLIAM BEARCROFT, 

LATB MASTER OF THE ACADEMY, KIRKEY MOOKSlDE. 
REVISED AND ENLARGED 

BY DANIEL H/'BARNES, 

ONE OF THE PRINCIPALS OF THE NEW-VOHK HIGH-SCHOOL. 





YORK, PRINTED 1824 : 

NEW-YORK, REPRINTED AND SOLD BY MAHLON DAY, 

NO. 376, PEARL-STREET. 

1828. 
[price one dollar, bound in red.] 



£"t* 



^ 









Southern District of New-York, ss. 

**+*+*+^$ JJ E IT REMEMBERED, that on the second day of 

* Xim Si ;|: June, A. D. 1828, in the fifty-second year of the Inde- 

%***•*■•*•*•*••*•* pendence of the United States of America, Mahlon 

Day, of the said District, has deposited in this office the title of aBook, 

the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to 

wit : 

" The Red Book. Practical Orthography, or the Art of Teaching Spelling by 

Writing : containing an Improved Method of Dictating, with Exercises for 

Practice, and Collections of Words of difficult, irregular and variable Spelling. 

Intended for the use of Teachers, Learners, Writers, Printeis,and all other 

persons whodesire to understand the Orthography of the English Language. 

By William Bearcroft, late Master of the Academy, Kirkby Moorside, revised 

and enlarged by Daniel H. Barnes, one of the Principals of the New-York 

High-School." 

In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled 
• 4 An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies 
of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such 
copies, during the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act, 
entitled ** an Act, supplementary to an act, entitled an Act for the 
encourgement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, 
and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copie?, during the 
times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts 
of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 
6 FREDERICK J. BET^S , 

Clerk of the Southern District ofJVeu.York. 



9/ 



PREFACE. 



The plan of this work was laid, and part of it written 
several years ago. For some time the want of leisure 
retarded its progress ; and now declining health does not 
permit its extension to the limits originally projected. 
But though cut short in the number and variety of the 
exercises, the mode of using them is sufficiently explained, 
and it is hoped in a way 'that will be found intelligible 
by those who may be induced to try it; and that the ex- 
tent of the directions will not discourage the teacher 
from putting them in practice. For their prolixity, the 
Author would apologize, by requesting the reader to 
describe, in writing, any common process in art ; and he 
will soon be convinced of the multiplicity of words neces- 
sary to render the subject intelligible, to persons not pre- 
viously acquainted with it : and yet the process itself 
may be quite easy when seen. 

The Exercises in the Second Part are few, and maj r 
be thought to increase too rapidly in length and difficulty. 
This objection will lose some of its force on considering 
that they were composed to serve as specimens, rather 
than as a stock for general use, and that the judicious 






IV PREFACE. 

tutor will be able to supply the defect from works of 
merit ; extracts from many of which will afford an ample 
supply, and furnish a variety of matter and stile of writ- 
ing, not to be expected in the compositions of an indi- 
vidual. 

The Third Part was the first written, and may b 
considered as the parent of the rest. It was in use* 
some years before the remainder of the work was thought 
of, and found to be highly useful in diminishing th 
number of those errors, which sometimes expose genii 
men as well as schoolboys. 

The Fourth Part consists of a class of exercise 
which might have been continued to an indefinite length 
wfis not the necessity for such an extension somewha 
lessened by the Collection of words in the Appendix. 

The short Essays, in the Fifth Part, may be used 
as exercises of memory and composition, as well as 
orthography : and some of the Letters in the Sixth 
Part are applicable to the same purposes. 

The Appendix* will save the teacher much trouble in 
the correction of exercises, if used as a standard for de- 
termining the best authorized spelling of many words 
of difficult and unsettled orthography. That words of 
this kind are numerous,f must be wellknown to every 
intelligent preceptor ; and that they are the cause of 
much perplexity to his pupils, and confusion to himself 
cannot be denied ; whatever, therefore, tends to im- 
prove them, and to facilitate his labors must deserve his 
attention. With this view, the Author collected the 

* In the New- York edition, the appendix is enlarged from 32 to 150 
pages, and the authorities are added. 
•f The number of variable words is nearly 4000. See page 339. 



PREFACE. V 

words in the Appendix, and proceded to examine dic- 
tionaries, and to compare them with what he thought 
the general usage. In doing this, he found that to re- 
concile the inconsistencies and disagreement of the au- 
thorities which he had proposed to himself as standards, 
was no easy task ; and that frequently a new difficulty 
was presented in the claim of common practice. In fine. 
he discovered that he stood on slippery ground, and 
would have retreated, had it not been for the consider- 
ation that this part of the work will not be entirely use- 
less, and that it may provoke some abler hand to under- 
take the subject. If, in any instance, the nature of bis 
plan has led him to deviate from the spelling of esteemed 
friends, he has done it with pain. His business was 
with dictionaries, and his readers may join him in regret- 
ting that they do not possess one which is consistent 
with itself throughout. 

It was desirable to reduce to order the class of words 
terminating iner and or* signifying agents derived from 
verbs. But these terminations are so indiscriminately 
used, so entangled with one another, that neither ety- 
mology nor analogy can unravel them. Compound 
words also, and the irregular use of the hyphen, make 
no inconsiderable figure in the train of difficulties attendi- 
ng the correction of exercises ; but these, with many 
others, are not likely to be removed unless the construc- 
tion of words should become as much the object of crit- 
ical examination as the pronunciation of them. f 

* See Rule 18, page 20. 

t An Abridged Dictionary, without critical observations, but witit 
such orthographical corrections as etymology, analogy, and pr«seirt 
n>age might justify, is a desideratum in schools. Such a work, exe- 
cuted by a competent hand, and pruned of all words not generally 
useful, and of obsolete duplicates of those of varied spelling, might be 
induced to the size of a common school book, and become a standard 
of orthography. A*> 



VI PREFACE. 

The authorities principally consulted in compiling the 
x\ppendix, as the most likely to be used for reference in 
schools, were Mr. Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dic- 
tionary, and Mr. Chalmers's Abridgment of the Rev. 
Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson. These however, like 
others are not free from typographical errors and over- 
sights, inseparable from works requiring such laborious 
and minute attention ; nor from those anomalies and in- 
consistencies which have been too long retained in the 
language to be readily discarded. 

W. BEARCROFT. 

Kirkby Moor side, June 12, 1824. 

Note. Very few persons understand the condition of our orthogia- 
phy, or know that all our dictionaries are in a state of the most hope- 
less confusion. But this fact will sufficiently appear to any one who 
will turn to his dictionary and look at the words, ectasy, extacy, 
ecstacy, exstasy; gipsy, gipsey, gypsy, gypsey ; and frenzy, frensy, 
phrenzy, phrensy, with their derivatives. Johnson spells cimiter 
five ways, Walker six, and other dictionaries increase the number to 
fifteen; and the word musketo is susceptible of more than forty 
variations, of which scarcely any one is worse than Sheridan's 
Moschetto. Crj'stalize is spelt in common practice, eight different ways, 
crystalize, crystallize, crystalise, crystallise, chrystalize, chrystallize, 
chrystalise, chrystallise, and the variations may be increased to six- 
teen, by substituting i for y, as is sometimes done. See the word salt 
m Webster's small Dictionary. Ed. 



ADVERTISEMENT 

To the New-York Edition. 



The practice of dictating has long been familiar to the 
good schools of this country, and in the New-York High 
School has received particular attention. Commencing 
with a pretty large number of active and intelligent boys, 
who were constantly encouraged to consult their diction- 
aries, the master soon found it necessary, in cases where 
the words were variable, in the same or different books, 
to decide which should be adopted as the preferable 
mode. A list of variable words was commenced, and 
an attempt was made to trace the prevalent analogies of 
the language, and to educe general rules. Having ad- 
vanced thus far, a book was received from our English 
correspondent, entitled PRACTICAL ORTHOGRA- 
PHY which seemed to comprise so much useful matter, 
that the present editor yielded to the request of his friends, 
in giving it a revision and republication. 

This edition is a good deal altered, to suit the wants of 
American schools; and the list of variable words is enlarg- 
ed, to render it as complete as circumstances would permit. 
Words of uncommon occurrence are not generally in- 
serted. No words are inserted without the authority of 
standard Dictionaries, except where the analogy, which 
really ought to be the highest authority, evidently re- 
quires the word in question. That words of the same 
analogy ought to have the same form, is so evident as 
to be almost a truism ; and yet such is the state of our 
spelling, (I say not ORTHographv) that one of its great- 
est defects is, that the same word is found under different 
forms, and different forms are attributed to words which 
ought, for every reason, except bad practice, to have the 
same form. Nearly all the irregularities in the language 
might be made uniform, if we could be allowed to take 
the authority of good authors ; but as this would lead us 



Vlll ADVERTISEMENT. 

into a wide field, we have deemed it best to take Diction- 
aries only, and such as have been published since that 
brilliant period of English literature, when Addison, like 
the vernal sun, diffused his mild and cheering influence 
over the island of our fathers. The Spectator is yet 
read and admired. Neither its stile nor its orthography 
is obsolete ; and to take the Dictionaries published since 
the completion of that work, seems to the writer to be per- 
fectly fair ; and to use their decisions in strict accordance 
with general rules, indisputably allowable. The rules 
are deduced from the language, and the authority is 
deemed good when it accords with the rules. Those 
who, on the first view, may feel afraid that we have gone 
too far, will please to remember that we have done 
no more than to choose for ourselves, from the varia- 
tions of standard Dictionaries ; always marking the au- 
thority, that those who differ from us in opinion may 
choose for themselves. Should this book be adopted by 
writers and printers as a book of reference, it would save 
much time and trouble in turning to Dictionaries, which 
perpetually contradict themselves, and leave the inquirer 
always in doubt, and often in error. 

New-York, May 30, 1828. 



Dictionaries used in preparing the New-York 
edition. 

1» Bailey's folk), 2d edition, London, 1736 ; twenty-seven 
years after the commencement of the Spectator by 
Addison and his associates. A great and good work. 
Of the abridgment, twenty-nine editions have been 
published — a sufficient proof of its estimation. 

2. Martin's Dictionary, London, 1749; six years before 
Johnson's. A most valuable work, very scarce. In 
the preface he mentions that it was the best practice of 
his day to omit the final k in public, music, &c. His 
orthography is less contradictory than that of any other 
author, and he gives us Lnglish rather than foreign 
words. To this work Johnson seems to have paid 
much attention. 

3. Johnson's great Dictionary, fourth edition, 4to, Lon- 
don, 1777, with a new preface: corrected by the author, 
seven years before his death. Probably the best edition 
of this great work. 

4. Ash's Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1775. A very 
elaborate and full Dictionary. 

5. Fenning's Dictionary, 8vo. London, 1st ed. 1761, and 
2d ed. 1783. A good work, much used in England. 
Omits the final k. 

6. Dyche's, London, 16th ed. 1777, 17th ed, 1794. Va- 
riable words put together. First published about 15 
years before Johnson's. 

7. Harwood's 8vo. London, 1782. Bailey, revised and 
corrected. Bailey's abridgment, 21, 24 & 28 editions. 

8. Johnson's abridgment, 1st ed. 1756 ; one year after 
the publication of his folio : and 6th ed. with the aur 
thor's corrections, 1778. 

9. Crakelt's Eniick, small 12mo. London, 1795. Avery 
neat edition. 

10. Sheridan's corrected by Churchill, 4th ed. Lon. 1797. 

11. Jones's 3d ed, 1798, and 9th ed, 1804: made to cor- 
rect Walker and Sheridan, and had u an almost unpre- 
cedented" sale. Recommended by Dr. Webster, 

12. Barclay's improved by Shorton, 4to Liverpool, 1818. 

13. Walker's 4to, 3d ed. London, 1802, much altered 
from the two former, and can be depended upon, to ex- 
hibit the real views of its author. 



14. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, 2d ed. 12mo. Lon, 
1824. A better work than the other. It rejects the 
final and useless &, which has, in too many instances, 
been retained only on his authority. In this work the 
author points out many of Johnson's contradictions, 
but says he did not dare to correct them ! ! ! 

15. Perry's royal 8vo. London, 1805. Rejects double 
letters in derivatives when not under the accent, as 
traveler and not traveller. It is esteemed the best of 
any pronouncing Dictionary yet known. The defi- 
nitions are synonimized and the orthography in many 
instances corrected, but the author does not always 
follow his own rules. 

16. Chalmers's Todd's Johnson, London, 1824. 

17 & 18. Webster's New-Haven, 1806. Hartford, 1817. 

19. Browne's Union Dictionary, 12mo London, 1806. 

20. Scott's Dictionary, 12 mo. Cork, 1810. 

21. The American Dictionaries generally, many of 
which are more correct than the English. 

22. Buchanan's Dictionary, L2mo. London, 1757. 

23. Sheridan's, Philadelphia 6th edition, 1796 ; faithfully 
copies the misprints of the original. 

24. Allinson's royal 8vo. Burlington, N. J. 1813. 

-25. Webster's quarto, through the letter I, by inspection 
of the proof sheets 5 which the editor has kindly been 
permitted to see, tho the work is not yet published. It 
will be very far superior to any other. 
26. Macredie's, by a society of teachers in Scotland. 
Originals. Johnson, three editions; Walker, Ash, 
Manin, Fenning, Perry, Jones, Harwood, Chalmers, 
Webster, Browne, Bailey, Buchanan. 

All these authors, (except the American) have pro- 
fessed to be standards for the British nation, and have 
been well received. Of those published, Bailey's and 
Martin's are works of the most learning, Johnson's of the 
most labor. Ash's contains the greatest number of words. 
Martin, Dyche, Ash, Browne, Walker's Rh. Webster, 
Entick, Scott, Fenning, Barclay, Perry, Buchanan and 
Macredie, reject the final K in public, music, &c. 

Johnson and Walker contain 38,000 words. Todd's 
Johnson, 53,000, WEBSTER'S QUARTO, 70,000. 



CONTRACTIONS. 

a. Ash. a1. Allsnson. An. Analogy. 

b. Bailey, ab. abridgment. 
Br. Barclay. 

buc. Buchanan. 

c. Chalmers's Abridgment of Todd's Johnson, 
ch. Churchill's Sheridan. 

d. Dyche. 

e. Entick. 

f. Fenning. 
Gr. Greek. 

h. Harwood's Bailey. 

j. Johnson, js. Jones. 

m. Martin. 

n. Not right, bad spelling. 

o. Old spelling, right or wrong. 

p. General practice, py. Perry. 

s. Sheridan. 

u. Browne's Union Dictionary. 

w. Walker's quarto, 3d edition. 

wr. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary. 

wb. Webster. 

Rl Rule. 

wb. - The author prefers this form. 

J. = Spells two ways without a preference. 

w. 4-x Contradicts himself. 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. 

Page 

Method of Dictating, *. - - - 1 

Rules, ._----..... 19 

PART II. 

Exercises for Dictating, 21 

PART III. 

Exercises on words of similar sounds, but of different spelling 

and signification, 32 

PART IV. 

Exercises on words liable to be erroneously written by learn- 
ers : in which the difficulty arises from a material difference 
between the pronunciation and orthography ; from com- 
parison or contrast with similar words; from the irregular 
formation of the derivatives; from unsettled or varied spel- 
ling ; and from other causes, 67 

PART V. 

Exercises on various subjects, in the form of essays, anec- 
dotes, &c. - - - - 103 

PART VI. 

Exercises in the form of letters, on orthographical and other 
subjects, 139 

APPENDIX. 

Collections of words of difficult, irregular, and variable spelling, 

With notes, 19S 

Prefixes en, in, un, ---..---.. 201 

Prefixes em, im, - - , - - 208 

Terminations ant, ent, ance, ence, 210 

Terminations ceous, cious, tious, -.-... 214 

Terminations ize, ise, 216 

Final consonants improperly doubled, ----- 225 

F, L, N, S improperly doubled, 229 

E final of the primitive rejected, - - - - - - 230 

General collection of variable words, - - - - - 233 

List of words in or and our, ....... 242 

Words in ough, ... ...... 340 

Words in ie and y, 341 

Anomalies, 342 

Arch, 343 

Oon, 344 

Ous, ose, ile, ive, Ac. 345 

CORRECTIONS, 348 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 

PART I. 

Method of Dictating. 

To acquire a competent knowledge of 
'Orthography, demands much attention from 
the student; and where this requisite is 
wanting, which is frequently the case, the 
labors of the tutor become tiresome, and 
his success without hope. That he may 
not appear, however, to have been negli- 
gent, his pupil is "put forward" to some- 
thing less irksome than the spelling of a 
language which he is unwilling to learn 
by rule ; and thus penmanship is substi- 
tuted for grammar, and fine writing and 
flourishes delight the expectant but deceiv- 
ed parent. Every man of sense and educa- 
tion who is engaged in the tuition of youth, 
knows that this is not the way to make 
sound scholars; — that defective spelling 
debases fine writing; — and that no honor 
is due to the tutor who builds upon such a 
sandy foundation. But the fashion of the 
day is against his better knowledge; and 
he must either comply with its rules, or be 
content to be accounted an unfashionable 

* Requisit and perquisit, Webster. 
B 



2 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I. 

teacher — in other words, a preceptor with- 
out pupils. 

To those who know their duty, and wish 
to do it, the Author of this work begs to 
address himself. He is fully aware that 
superficial teachers enjoy more of the 
patronage of the public than those of 
better qualifications and more honesty ; 
this, combined with the reflection that the 
benefit of the rising generation is the 
ultimate object, makes it desirable to assist 
in restoring the latter to their professional 
rank and consideration. To such, there- 
fore, (if not already in the practice of better 
methods,) he would recommend one for 
the instruction of their pupils in spelling, 
that has been used with a degree of success 
of which it does not become him to speak. 

Nearly forty years since, he made the 
discovery that spelling by rote and spelling 
on paper, were very different things; and 
that the ardent zeal with which he had 
employed the Spelling Book, had con- 
tributed very little to the improvement of 
his pupils, in that department where he 
had most expected it. Disappointed and 
mortified by his want of success, he had 
recourse to practical spelling on slates 
and paper, and was soon convinced of 
its utility. This led him to labor much 
in bringing to maturity what he supposed 
was a new practice in the art of teach- 
ing. It appears that necessity, the fruit- 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 3 

fui mother of invention, had already sug- 
gested similar ideas to others, and Dic- 
tating soon found its way into many re- 
spectable schools, and its superior useful- 
ness is now generally acknowledged. 

But whether the exercise of Dictation 
has been employed with all the effect of 
which it is capable, must be left to the 
determination of teachers, on comparing 
their methods with that here proposed. To 
form a proper judgment, it will be necessary 
to try the experiment on inattentive pupils, 
who will probably be the first to find out 
that the plan is calculated to punish idle- 
ness by extra labor; (the most effectual 
cure for the disorder;) that this extra labor 
increases in proportion to the negligence of 
the learner; and, that diligence and atten- 
tion afford the only means of escape from 
this troublesome companion and pursuer. 
The preceptor also will find, that, on the 
adoption of this method, his pupils in 
general will make a rapid advance in ac- 
quiring that ease and freedom in writing, 
which is the result of much practice only ; 
and which, tho # less pleasing to the eye 
of the schoolboy and his writing master, 
will be of more value to the future man 
than painted penmanship and unmeaning 
embellishments. 

The process of dictating alluded to above, 
may be thus described. 

* Tho. Webster has restored the old and correct spell- 
ing of this word. 



4 PRACTICAL ORTHOCRAPHY. [PART I. 

A day in everj week was appropriated 
to the business of dictating and composi- 
tion. This was generally Thursday.* 
The senior class dictated first, and the 
others followed in rotation. The piece to 
be dictated and written, was selected by the 
master, and read to the class by that pupil 
of it whose errors, on the last occasion, were 
the fewest ; and, in case of his absence, by 
the next present. If he failed to read in a 
slow and distinct manner, so as to be audi- 
ble to the whole of the class, he was super- 
seded by the next in rank, and made to join 
in the exercise of writing with the rest. 
That the pupils might understand the 
meaning of the paragraph to be written, it 
was read in the usual manner, previous to 
the commencement of the operation of 
writing ;f and then by a few words at a 
time, allowing the writers time to finish 
the phrase, but not to make any alterations 
after it was written. As soon as the exer- 
cise was concluded, each pupil subscribed 
his name at the foot of his copy, and handed 
it to the dictator, who collected the whole 
as quickly as possible, and placed them, 

* Some of the younger scholars dictated twice or thrice 
a week, when one of the senior boys marked the errors, 
which on these occasions were not entered in vocabularies, 
but committed to memory; those pupils not being suffi- 
ciently advanced to use vocabularies. 

f The junior classes wrote on slates ; the other on 
paper. 






PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 5 

and the book with the original, upon the 
desk of the master, or that of an assistant 
properly qualified to discover the errors, and 
to point them out by certain marks or 
characters adopted for the purpose.* 

Previous to examination, the exercises 
were sorted according to their respective 
merits in point of penmanship, and so 
placed that the best might be examined 
first, and the rest in rotation. This excited 
much emulation, as those who took the 
most pains in writing, were the soonest at 
liberty to prepare for the succeding exer- 
cise, which was of such a nature as to 
harassf them with, or relieve them from, an 
accumulating load that threatened to over- 
whelm every idler. 

When an exercise was examined, and 
marked with the number of errors, the boy 
who was the monitor or waiter for the day, 
proclaimed the number aloud, and then 
handed it to the writer for correction. 
These corrections (those of capitals and 
points excepted) were not made upon the 
copy, but arranged in columns below it, 

* For an exemplifition of the marks, see p. 14. 

t Harass and embarrass, Johnson.-h 
Harass and embarass, Martin. 
Harass and embarras, Walker. ,-f- 
Harrass and embarrass, Barclay. 
Har'ass Dictionary, l Walker + 

Harass', Rhyming Dictionary, 5 waiKer.ir 
Embarras and embarrassment, Walker. -\- 
Embarrass and embarrasment, Bailey's Folio.-\- 
B2 



6 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. fPART I. 

and, when finished, were sent up for in- 
spection. If right, they were marked with 
the letter R; but if otherwise, the errors 
were severally marked with a dash, and 
returned for a second correction, and so on, 
till completed; when the letter R (without 
which mark no corrections were permitted 
to pass) was attached by the examiner, 
who, after canceling # duplicates of words, 
and things of minor consequence, returned 
the remainder to be copied by the pupil 
into his vocabulary.f When this was 
done, the book was sent up for inspection, 
and if correct, explanations in red ink were 
added to words of similar sounds, and also 
to others, the identity of which could not be 
determined by the pronunciation. As all 
the corrections of misspelled words were 
ordered to be made from a dictionary,^ 

* Canceling, with one I, Perry's rule, p. 15, 8vo. Diet, 

t This was a small book containing forty-eight pages 
of fulscap || paper in octavo, with which every pupil ca- 
pable of using it was furnished ; and which was in fact a 
spelling book consisting of such words as he could not 
spell correctly; and was made the general repository of 
his errors whenever and wherever they were discovered. 
The vocabularies were uniform in size, and paged, to pre- 
vent the abstractions of their leaves by idle boys who did 
not like to commit their contents to memory. 

% The best Dictionary is Webster's. But any common 
dictionary may be used with the help of the rules given 
at page 19. 

|| Fulscap, i. e. full-scape, corrupted into fools-cap, like 
Welsh rabbit, from Welsh-rare-bit. Scapus, Lat, a quire. 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 7 

the errors on this account were punished 
with suitable penalties; the vocabulary 
returned to the pupil for correction, and 
again exhibited for inspection, till made 
complete ; after which the explanations 
were added as above stated. 

While this business was going on, the 
next class was dictating, and after it ano- 
ther; as soon as the dictator to the last 
class had ended, such pupil of the first as 
had a page full of words in his vocabulary, 
(exclusive of those just inserted,) proceded 
to write that page, with its explanations, 
upon his slate, from the dictation of some 
pupil on the opposit* side of the school, 
to whom the vocabulary had been pre- 
viously sent for the purpose; and who, on 
concluding, immediately handed up the 
vocabulary and slate for examination. 
Other classes did the same in rotation ; 
and for the sake of despatch, sometimes 
three or four pupils were permitted at once. 
After the correction of the dictation, each 
of the slates was examined and compared 
with its corresponding page in the vocabu- 
lary ; and, if right, that page was marked 
with the day of the month in red ink at the 
foot. If wrong, the words upon the slate 
were dashed out, and no further procedings 
with that page allowed till the next dicta- 
ting day, when the pupil was at liberty to 
make another trial, after he had finished 

* Deposit, opposit, apposit, com posit, Webster. 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I. 

the dictation of that day. If in the mean 
while he had so neglected to commit the 
words to memory that he failed a second 
time, the work stood over for a further trial 
on the third dictating day ; and so on till he 
could do it correctly. Thus the idler, by 
delaying to learn his misspelled words, 
made no improvement in orthography; in 
consequence, the number of his errors did 
not lessen, and his vocabulary went on fill- 
ing, till his work became burdensome by 
neglect and repeated accumulations. On 
the other hand, the errors of the industrious 
diminished, his vocabulary filled slowly, his 
task grew easy, and the day of dictating 
was hailed as a day of pleasure and inter- 
esting exercise. x4s a stimulus to action, 
the indolent were degraded and removed to 
a lower class, whenever they suffered eight 
pages of their vocabulary to remain un- 
marked^ and a smaller penalty was inflicted 
for half that number. At length, wearied 
with toilingunder an increasing burden,* the 
pupil generally discovered that diligence 
and industry only could relieve him; and this 
urged him to try an experiment which was 
uniformly successful. 

* Burden, unburthen, Walker.-jr 

f A boy has been known to prick his ringer, and forge 
the red ink mark at the bottom of the pages of his vocab- 
ulary with blood, to screen his idleness. Such tricks 
were readily detected, and as promptly punished by addi- 
tional exercises in dictating, for the purpose of increasing 
that work which was attempted to be evaded. 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 9 

The remainder of the day was employed 
in other work, which united exercises of 
memory, and of practical grammar or com- 
position, with practical orthography. This 
was done in the following manner: The 
tutor read aloud a short anecdote, a passage 
from history, or an extract from some book 
of science, adapted to the comprehen- 
sion of the pupils. The passage was 
read as deliberately and distinctly as pos- 
sible twice over; the class of pupils for 
whom it was intended, having been pre- 
viously informed that it was to be written 
on slates, or paper, as an exercise of 
memory. As soon as the second reading 
was finished, the pupils began to write, and 
when they had done, the exercises were 
examined ; the errors were marked ; and 
each exercise numbered according to its 
merit. The writers were then called up, 
their exercises delivered to them, and the 
original read aloud by the tutor, whilst every 
pupil attended to his own copy, and noted 
its defects. After this, the errors were cor- 
rected in the same manner as in the former 
exercises, and inserted in the vocabulary. 

These exercises were occasionally varied, 
so as to train the juvenile understanding to 
future attempts at composition. Insted* of 
an exact copy, the pupils were directed 
to express the sense of the original in their 

* Insted, Webster, Stedfast, Bailey. $tedfastnesSj 
Walker's Rhyming Dicf. 



10 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I. 

own language. These performances were 
treated like the last ; and the post of honor 
assigned to that writer who had expressed 
the sense in language the most independent 
of the original. 

To pupils thus prepared, the task of 
writing letters, and themes or essays, was 
not irksome. The memory had been pre- 
viously furnished with a stock of the 
elements of language, and the understand- 
ing exercised in the use of them. Com- 
position, with its formidable train of diffi- 
culties, was disarmed of its terrors, and 
became not only easy and pleasant, but 
was considered as in the highest degree 
honorary. 

it may not be improper to remark here, 
that language is acquired by imitation ; that 
children cannot imitate themselves; and 
that while employed in the manner here 
described, they are not only laying up a 
fund of words and sentiments, but learning 
to form a stile* by imitating that of others. 
Without some help of this kind, the boy 
who does not like to read (and there are 
many in this class) may be exercised in 
composition ; may weary himself, and ex- 
haust the patience of his teacher; and finally 
leave the school in disgust, with the charac- 
ter of a confirmed dunce. 

The little Work here offered to the notice 

f Bailey and Martin prefer i in stile. 






IP ART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. f 1 

of teachers, is not meant as a general re- 
pository from whence all the wants of their 
schools are to be supplied. Had the author 
wished to make a book from books, a more 
favorable opportunity could not have been 
desired ; and the convenience of those for 
whose use it is principally intended, might 
have been promoted by such a step. To 
supply its deficiencies in this respect, he 
would recommend the practice of keeping 
several collections of extracts in manuscript; 
some for the younger, and others for the 
more advanced scholars.* 

The Exercises contained in the following 
sheets have been drawn up with a view to 
be useful, not only for the common purpo- 
ses of dictating, but that the matter thus 
brought under the notice of the pupil, may 
be more applicable to his present wants, 
than the promiscuous selections from books, 
and prepare him to receive more benefit 
afterwards from those selections. For this 
purpose, a collection of the most common 
words of similar sound, but of different sig- 
nification and spelling, has been exhibited 
in such a way as to show the distinction of 
the words, by the meaning of the sentence 
in which they are introduced. Paragraphs 
also have been written, contrived to include 
words wherein the orthography and pro- 



* Children are capable of dictating as soon as they are 
able to write legibly, if the words and matter are suited to 
their ages. 



12 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I. 

nunciation are at variance ; wherein diffi- 
culties arise to learners from the irregular 
formation of derivatives ; from comparison 
with similar words ; and from other causes. 
This subject has been pursued in Letters, 
which not only afford a convenient mode of 
introducing remarks on anomalous words 
and common errors, but are particularly 
suitable for exercises in dictating, as they 
may serve as models for initiating youth into 
a species of composition, of all kinds per- 
haps the most generally used. 

The intelligent preceptor will not let 
slip the opportunity which the public 
reading of an exercise affords, for a lecture 
on the merit of the respective performances 
before him, as it respects the matter, the 
language, or the errors of the composition, 
He will hold up to censure the blunders of 
the careless ; give encouragement to the 
well-meant though feeble endeavors of the 
industrious; and point out as examples for 
imitation, the successful efforts of genius.* 

In -the selection of pieces for dictating, 
the tutor will choose such as are of a con- 
venient length, and adapted to the capa- 
cities of his scholars. After the example 
of Mr. Murray, he will fix upon those cal- 
culated to improve the mind and mend the 



* The exercises in composition were corrected in the 
evening, and read to the pupils on the following Satur 
day morning. 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 13 

heart; and while ranging through the fields 
of literature and science in search of suitable 
extracts, he will be careful to exclude every 
thing improper for the mind and the ear 
of youth. He will remember, that it is 
incumbent on him to teach his pupils to be 
good as well as learned ; and that to give 
due weight to his precepts, they must be 
accompanied by example ; that his oppor- 
tunities for doing good are numerous ; and 
that the future happiness or misery of many, 
may depend on the performance or neglect 
of those duties which his station imposes 
upon him. 



14 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I, 

Exemplification of the Marks used to point out the 
Errors in Dictation Exercises, 

York, Jan, 20, 1824, 
Dear Brother, 

My farther has desired me to rite 

>i . = 

a letter to you, hand says i can do it if 1 

will, but you no i niver learnt to right 

letters so You must exkuse me if I cannot 

A — 

s/ 

do as well has torn. 1 1 have many things tell 
you, but I cant toke to you this|way ; so 

you add better Come and se me, and 
then you shall here all a bout it 

s/ 
I ham your Affeckshonate brother, 

Samuel watson. 
P. S. Tom as been sculking behind the 

MJMM«M 

skreen, and has thrown it hup on my foot, 

M%W«VMi 

and toes. 

v 5 Words 41 

< Capitals and Points . J3> 
Total, 50 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 



The Errors of the foregoing Exercise corrected, 
and ready to be copied into the Vocabulary. 



Father 

Farther 

Write 

Rite 

Right 

Wright 

And 

Hand 

Know 

No 

Gnaw 

Never 

Learned 

(Write)* 



(Right) 
(Rite) 
(Wright) 
Excuse 


Hear 
Here 

About 
Am 


As 


Ham 


Has 


Affectionate 


I have 
To 

Cannot 


(Has) 

(As) 

Sculk- 


Talk 


Screen- 


I'his way 
Had 


Upon 
Hurt 


Add 
See 


My 



Duplicates. 



N. B. A blank line is placed after the preferable form 
of a variable word, as, screen, sculk, better than skreen, 
skulk. 



16 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I. 



The corrections with their explanations as they 
stand in the Vocabulary ; the duplicates having 
been previously canceled.* 



Father, a parent. 

Farther, at a greater 
distance. 

W rite, to make letters 

Rite, a solemn act of 
religion. 

Right, not wrong. 

Wright, a carpenter. 

And, a conjunction. 

Hand, a part of the 
body. 

Know, to be inform- 
ed of. 

No, the word of re- 
fusal. 

Gnaw, to bite. 

Never. 

Learned. 

Excuse. 

As, in the same man- 
ner. 

Has, possesses. 



I have. 

To, a preposition. 

Cannot. 

Talk. 

This way. 

Had, possessed. 

Add, to put together. 

See, to perceive by 

the eye. 
Hear, to perceive by 

the ear. 
Here* in this place. 
About. 
Am, to be. 
Ham, the thigh of a 

hog. 
Affectionate 
Sculk.-f 
Screen.— 
Upon. 
Hurt. 
My. 



* Canceled with one I, Perry's rule. t See Rules, p. 19. 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 17 

Explanation of the marks used in page 14. 

A line under a word shows that word to 
be erroneously spelled, as ' niverj ' tokej 
4 exkusef &c. Words illegibly written are 
marked in the same manner, and treated as 
errors, notwithstanding any excuses offered 
by the writer in palliation of his negligence. 

Two or more lines denote a mistake of 
one word for another of similar sound but 
of different signification, as ' farther'' for 
father, ''hand' 1 for and, &c. When more 
than two lines are used they show the num- 
ber of words of similar sound to that mark- 
ed, as 4 rite J write, right, wright. 

The perpendicular line is used to sepa- 
rate words when too near one another, as, 
i lhave,' 1 4 thisway? 

The curved line connects the parts of a 
word which are not properly joined, as ' a 
bout? and when the word is misspelled 
also, the double error is denoted by a 
strait line united to the curve, as , hup 
on? 

The waved line points out words of 
varied or doubtful spelling, and warns the 
pupil to consult his dictionary* as to the 
best mode of spelling the word so marked, 



as ' sculkin&S c skr 



5> 



een. 



The caret indicates something omitted, 
as the semicolon after ' letters? the word to 
after ' things,' and the period after ; a bout 
it? When more words than one are omit* 

* See the Rules on page 19. 
c2 



18 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART f. 

ted, the number is shown by a figure with- 
in the caret, as in that between ' and'' and 
; toes' in the last line. 

The mark over a small letter shows that 
it ought to be a capital, as the pronoun c £,' 
the **' in Horn] and the 'w>' in ^ivatson.'' 
The same mark over a capital signifies that 
it should be a small letter, as 4 F' in ; Fow,' 
' C ' in 4 Come? and '^ ' in '-Affeckshonate? 

Note. — This book having been made in Yorkshire, 
has many corrections which are not applicable to this 
country, for our people never pronounce " and, hand ;" 
"am, ham;" " as, has ;" alike, nor ever mistake "no" 
and " gnaw." The pronunciation of the language in 
this country is generally much better than it is in Eng- 
land, even than that of their pronouncing dictionaries ; 
of which no two agree; and Walker's (which is most 
generally used in this country) contradicts itself in nume- 
rous places. Perry and Jones are the best which I 
have seen. Perry's system is excedingty ingenious ; 
and it is to be regretted, that his dictionary, which was 
formerly in use in our schools, has been superseded by a 
worse one. Jones's Dictionary was made expressly to 
correct Sheridan and Walker, but the latter more parti- 
cularly ; and it had in England a most unparalleled sale, 
being reprinted annually for a considerable number of 
years. I have before me the ninth edition, which was 
printed twenty-four years an), that is in 1304, since which 
time the undeserved popularity of Walker has sprung up 
in this country more through the influence of booksellers 
than the approbation of scholars. 

Jameson's Dictionary, just published in London, cor- 
rects Walker still further, and brings the pronunciation 
back to what it was before Sheridan appeared. 

Of the numerous editions of Walker, no two agree, and 
no one is consistent with itself or the principles of its 
author. Whenever Walker is quoted in this work, the 
reader will please to observe that the reference is to Mr. 
Walker's own Dictionary, third quarto Edition, London, 



PART I.] PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 19 

Rules for Spelling VARIABLE Words. 

1. Omit u in unaccented syllables former- 
ly spelled with ou, as, honor, favor, labor. 

2. Omit k in the end of words formerly 
spelled with ck, as, music, public. 

3. Prefer a to aw, as, lanch, stanch — 
launch, staunch. 

4. Prefer a to e, as, gray, vail — grey, veil. 

5. Prefer e to ce or ce, as, Cesar, phenix, 
economy — Caesar, phoenix, ceconomy. 

6. Prefer i when not final to y, as, cider, 
tiger — cyder, tyger. 

7. Prefer y final to r, ee, oe, or ey* as, demy, 
bely, felly, vally — demi, belie, felloe, valley. 

8. Prefer u to o, ow, or w, as, spunge, cur- 
tain, aukward, croud — sponge, courtine, 
awkward, crowd. 

9. Prefer e final to two vowels before a 
consonant, as, complete, supreme, clothe, 
lothe — compleat, supream, cloath, loathe. 

10. Prefer ee to ca, as, cheerful — chearful. 

11. Reject e final when useless, as, ran- 
som, auburn, elicit, deposit, steril, indocil, 
germ — ransome, auburne, elicite, deposite, 
sterile, indocile, geraie. 

12. Prefer ue to ew or en, as, cruet, cue, 
fuel — crewet, queue, fewel. 

13. Prefer c to k before a, o, w, /, and r, as, 

1802; the final revision of which was the author's last 
work ; and for the completion of which he inserts a note 
of thanks at the end. Of the editions printed since the 
author's death, some are better and some worse, but none 
strictly agree with the original. — Ed. 



20 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I. 

scull, scate, sconce, screen, sclerotic — skull, 
skate, skonce, skreen, sklerotic. 

14. Prefer/' to ph, as, frenzy — phrenzy. 

15. Prefer* tos when the sound requires it, 
as, frenzy, eraze, poize — frensy, erase, poise. 

16. Prefer^" tog soft, as, jill, jennet — gill, 
gennet. 

17. Prefer c, ck, or k to qu, as, coif, check- 
er, key — quoif, chequer, quay. 

18. Prefer erto ar or or, as, brier, visiter, 
instructer — briar, visitor, instructor. 

19. Prefer s to soft t, as, torsion, ancient, 
vicious — tortion, antient, vitious. 

20. Prefer s to c soft, as, expense, de- 
fense — expence, defence. 

21. Prefer v to ph or f, as, vial, vat — 
phial, fat. 

22. Prefer x to cs or cU as, extasy, con- 
nexion — eestacy, connection. 

23. Prefer the shortest if equally correct, 
as, colonade, vermilion, bilious, banian, bias, 
canvas, christmas — colonnade, vermillion, 
billious, bannyan, or bannian, biass, canvass, 
christmass. 

24. Anglicize foreign words, as, center, 
savan, musketo — centre, scavan, mosquito. 

25. Monosyllables ending with double 
letters, except m, drop one letter in com- 
pounds, as, fulfil, farewel, welfare, until. 

26. The final consonant is not doubled 
in derivations when not under the accent, 
as, worship, worshiper, level, leveler.* 

N.B. Forauthorities,thereaderis referred to the Appendix. 
# See Perry's Rule, p. 15. 8vo. Diet. 



21 

PAET II. 

Exercises for Dictating. 

1. If you wish to be wise and good, you 
must do as wise and good men do, and in 
time you will be like them. 

2. When your friends give you good ad- 
vice, do not forget to thank them ; and take 
care to profit by it. 

3. You may play for the good of your 
health, but remember that you do not play 
when you ought to be at work. 

4. Honor and obey your parents, for they, 
under God, are the authors of your being, 
and your best friends. 

/). Those who have books, and who love 
to read, are seldom dull for want of compa- 
ny ; books are their companions. 

6. When you do not know how to act 
rightly in any case, think how one whom you 
know to be wise would act in that case, and 
do accordingly. 

7. You should not laugh at the igno- 
rance of those who are not sent to school 



22 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II. 

as you are : they might perhaps have been 
wiser than you, if they had been as well 
taught. 

8. If you play with bad boys or with bad 
girls, nobody will think that you are very 
good ; and the proverb says, " If you tell me 
what company you keep, 1 will tell you what 
you are." 

9. It is a good thing to spell well, and to 
write well also ; but he who will not learn 
to spell, needs not learn to write, for his 
writing could not be read. 

10. Youth is the proper time for learning 
wisdom, manhood for practising it, and age 
for teaching it to others. 

11. By being ready to assist others, you 
may hope for assistance yourself if you 
should happen to want it. It is good to 
make friends, but better not to need them. 

12. You owe more to your parents than 
you can pay them in any other way, than 
by becoming what they wish you to be. 

13. It is not enough to spell words by 
rote : the proof of good spelling is writing 
correctly ; for writing is spelling reduced to 
practice, and orthography is never learned 
without writing. 



PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 23 

14. If you are ever at a loss with respect 
to your conduct towards another person, 
you will do well to ask yourself how you 
would like him to act, if he was in your 
place and you in his ? 

15. Never allow yourself to be fretful and 
peevish. Those who indulge in such child- 
ish passions, find many occasions for exer- 
cising them ; and they are bad to quit when 
confirmed by habit. 

16. Beware of too much familiarity with 
a stranger : a sudden friend is a suspicious 
character. True friendship is not the off- 
spring of a momentary acquaintance. 

17. When a bad speller writes, he is sure 
to be laughed at by those who read what 
he has written, because bad spellers are 
liable to be mistaken for blockheads. 

18. If you wish to be loved and respect- 
ed by others, show that you deserve love 
and respect, by your affability and kind- 
ness to all with whom you have any thing 
to do. 

19. Whenever you have committed a 
fault, take care to acknowledge it imme- 
diately ; and you will find it as easy to ob- 
tain pardon by being your own accuser, as 
by a defense against the accusation of 



24 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II. 

another. Besides, punishment is thrown 
away upon the penitent. 

20. Your parents send you to school to be 
instructed in what is good and useful : take 
care that you do not disappoint them, and 
cheat yourself. 

21. Learn to be moderate in your de- 
sires ; this will improve your happiness by 
diminishing the number of your wants; 
and these, being few, will be easily satisfied. 

22. Never do that to any one which you 
would not like him to do to you. Remem- 
ber, the Scripture says, " Whatever ye 
would that men should do to you, do ye 
even so to them." 

23. Some of your companions may per- 
haps be ill-tempered and rude to you ; if you 
would punish them, laugh at their rage ; but 
if you wish to show your own superiority, 
forgive and pity them. 

24. Persons who have no curiosity, and 
who never stop to examine things, may be 
said to pass through the world with their 
eyes open, and yet see nothing in it. 

25. Do not think yourself better than 
others ; for if you do they will despise you, 
and do all they can to mortify your pride, and 
humble you. 



PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 25 

26. If you know a person who is remark- 
able for piety and virtue, endeavor to be- 
come acquainted with him, learn his senti- 
ments, and copy his example. 

27. If your talents are not of the first 
order, they must be industriously applied ; 
and by this means, they may be rendered 
quite as useful, as those of a more brilliant 
kind worse applied, or grown rusty through 
want of use. 

28. Churches in Turkey are called 
mosks. # Instedf of steeples and bells as 
in England, they have minarets or small 
towers with projecting galleries, from 
which proper persons call the people to 
worship. 

29. Never promise any thing unless you 
have the power as well as the will to make 
good your engagement. It is better to per- 
form without a promise, than to promise 
without performance. Those who are 
ready promisers are often slow performers. 

30. Silent letters, which are very common 
in the English language, are a great plague 
to learners. If they could be rejected, it 
would be a very great advantage. 

31. You should speak the truth on every 

* Mosks, Bailey, Rule 24. t See page 9. 

D 



26 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II. 

occasion, even when it may happen to 
bring down censure upon you. This will be 
honorable to your character, while others 
are despised for their ingenuity in conceal- 
ing faults. 

32. When a man attempts to confirm his 
opinion by a wager, it is evident that his 
arguments in support of it are too light, 
and so he throws in his purse to turn the 
scale in his favor. 

33. We ought not to form a hasty judg- 
ment of persons from a slight acquaintance. 
A more correct knowledge of them might 
probably show us that some are worse, and 
others much better, than we thought them 
to be. To develop the true characters of 
men is no easy matter. 

34. The errors of a bad speller are some- 
times detected by those who are no better 
than he is ; and who will not be the less 
severe upon his blunders for being blun- 
derers themselves. This is very provoking, 
and none but a dunce can bear it with 
patience. 

35. Boys will not learn, because they 
cannot spare time from play ; men will not 
learn, because they are ashamed to be 
thought ignorant ; aged persons cannot 
learn, because they are not disposed to 



PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 27 

study, and if they were, they would want 
new memories. 

36. We mistake if we suppose that the 
rich and great are the only happy persons 
in the world, and that the poor are the most 
miserable. The rich have troubles of which 
the poor have no conception ; and the latter, 
particularly those of pious and virtuous 
habits, have comforts to which the rich are 
often strangers. 

37. When you have children, you will be 
able to appreciate the care and anxiety 
with which your own parents are now 
laboring to promote your best interests, by 
instilling into your minds virtuous and 
honorable sentiments, and by having you 
instructed in every thing likely to be of 
service in your progress through life. You 
will know that they did not teaze # you with 
advice, and check your levities, because 
they could not join in your pleasures, but 
because they were prompted by those feel- 
ings which none but parents can experience, 
and which none but children can treat with 
disrespect. 

38. It is a great misfortune to be without 
employment. The mind is constantly in 
action, and, if not occupied in something 

* Teaze, Bailey and Enticlc ; also Johnson and Walk- 
er under vexation and vexatious! and Dyche andBarclay 
under torment ! 



28 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART II. 

useful, it will be engaged with trifles, and 
trifling is unfriendly to virtue. Idleness 
opens the door # to vice: industry guards 
the passage against the intrusion of improper 
thoughts and habits; willingly admitting 
those only which are favorable to the inter- 
ests of wisdom and piety. 

39. Many persons imagine that fine 
clothes, rich furniture, and expensive habits 
increase their consequence, and secure re- 
spectabilityt in the eyes of their neighbors. 
These people do not seem to be aware that 
the attempt to soar beyond their proper 
sphere, subjects them to the scrutinizing 
ordeal of envy ; and they seldom discover 
the true state of the case, till pride and ex- 
travagance have reduced them to poverty, 
when respectability vanishes like a shadow, 
and their endeavor to shine is remembered 
only to their shame. 



* D,o,r,e is the proper spelling-, and so written by good 
old authors. In door and floor, formerly written with a 
final e, doore and floore, the wrong letter was omitted. 
It should have been dore, omitting one of the intermedi- 
ate o 's. These two and brooch, are all the words in 
which oo sounds like o long. Blood and flood, formerly 
blond, floud, pronounced short like ou in courage, would 
have been better altered by leaving out the o, blud,flud, 
like stud, spud. These two are all in which oo has the 
sound of u short. It would be well to correct these ano- 
malies. See blood in the Appendix. 

t Respectability is not found in Johnson or Walker. 
It is however a good word, and found in Todd and Webster. 



PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 29 

40. The beauties of the mind are not 
always united to those of the body. A 
handsome exterior often serves as a cloke # 
to cover a weak or depraved understand- 
ing ; and a plain face sometimes performs 
the office of a mask to a wise head, or a 
pleasing disposition. Beauties seldom take 
pains to be agreeable, because the incense 
of superficial observers feeds their vanity : 
while those who are cast in nature's plainer 
mold,t are more solicitous to improve their 
minds, that they may secure the approba- 
tion of the wise and the good. 

41. We are very apt to judge favorably 
of our own merits, and to be blind to our 
faults. With a microscopic eye we ex- 
amine the former, and that in the clearest 
light ; but suffer the latter to pass without 
notice or observation. This might be pro- 
ductive of much evil, if it was not counter- 
balanced by the opinions of others, who 
examine us with less partial eyes, and who 
are always ready to pull us back, whenever 
we advance a step before them. 

42. Some disputants argue for truth, but 
many for victory. He whose object is to 
propagate the truth from what he already 
knows of the subject in debate, ought never 
to turn a deaf ear to the arguments on the 

* Cloke. Martin and also Johnson under mantle, 
t Mold, Bailey. 
d2 



30 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART II. 

opposit* side; because it is possible that 
they may throw additional light on it, or 
place it in such a point of view, as to con- 
vince him that his opinion had been hastily 
adopted ; and in this case he would profit 
by the contest. On the other hand, he who 
disputes for the sake of victory, refuses to 
listen to reason and the evidence of facts ; 
his object being not to elicitt truth, but to 
have the last word. 

43. You wish to be wise, — to be learned, 
— to be a gentleman : but are you willing 
to take the trouble of performing the ex- 
ercises and acquiring the requisite neces- 
sary to entitle you to such a character? 
Will you read books and study men, that 
you may become wise ? and have you de- 
termined to labor in the fields of literature 
and science, till you merit the epithet, 
learned? When you have accomplished 
this, and added those blandishments which 
complete the character of the real gentle- 
man, you may assume it when you please. 
— Some will tell you that all this is un- 
necessary, because you are rich ; but riches 
alone, will not make a gentleman. 

44. Modesty is amiable at every age, 
but particularly so in youth. Unaccus- 
tomed to comparison, and consequently 



* Opposite and deposit, Bailey and Martin!+ 
t Elicite and solicit, Johnson /+ 






PART II.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 31 

ignorant of his rank in the scale of merit, 
the modest youth is less sensible of his own 
worth, than conscious of his imperfections ; 
and is willing to decline the distinctions of 
one, for fear of exposing the other. As he 
courts no praise, he excites no rivalry, and 
every one is his friend. But time, the 
great unfolder of events, places things in 
their proper light : the hidden talent can 
no longer be concealed ; the diffident pos- 
sessor of it is pressed into the service of 
the public ; and, by the voluntary surrender 
of their pretensions, he becomes the general 
depository of secrets, the solver of difficul- 
ties, and the arbiter of the disputes of his 
youthful companions. 

45. The hope of enjoying in the evening 
of life, those good things which industry 
and economy provide for that period, is a 
constant stimulus to action, and the primary 
cause of those exertions that produce so 
much wealth in this bustling world. These 
hopes are however frequently destroyed. 
Death, who spares neither the industrious 
nor the idle, sometimes calls prematurely, 
and transfers to the latter what was collect- 
ed by the former; and declining health often 
takes away the power of enjoyment. Hap- 
py then are those, who, in the vigor of life, 
while making provision for the body, have 
not neglected to lay up treasure in heaven, 
of the enjoyment of which neither sickness 
nor death can deprive them. 



32 



PART III 



Exercises on Words of similar Sounds , but of dif- 
ferent Spelling and Signification. 

SECTION I. 

1. Abel Smith is so weak that he is not 
able to come to town this week. 

2. It is right to accept a present, except it 
is an improper one. 

3. It is not easy to procure access to some 
great men, from the excess of pride and 
grandure # with which they are surrounded. 

4. Thomas has lost his Accidence, and 
also his dictionary : by these accidents he is 
deprived of the means of prosecuting his 
studies. 

5. Frequent executions deeply affect the 
passions of spectators, but they have not 
the desired effect upon the actions of society 
at large. 

■ 

6. I advise you to give due attention to 
the advice of your preceptor. 

7. The heir to a large estate assumes an 
air of consequence among those who breathe 

* Martin prefers grandure which is English ; grandeur 
is Frejnch. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 33 

the same air with himself, and are his supe- 
riors in every thing but fortune. 

8. A hare is a wild animal, covered with a 
kind of fur mixed with long hair. 

9. You know the difference between the 
arc of a circle, and the ark in which Noah 
and his family were preserved from the 
flood* 

10. All shoemakers use a tool commonly 
called an awl. 

11. In ancient times it was customary to 
offer sacrifice upon an altar : this kind of 
worship was altered, and afterwards abolish- 
ed on the establishment of the Christian 
religion. 

12. Scholars ought not to be allowed to 
speak aloud to one another in the school. 

13. Anne does not mind her work: she is 
an idle girl. 

14. The sailors put an anker of brandy on 
board, and then weighed anchor, and set 
sail for Holland. 

15. Pll shew you a monument in the 
south He of this church, which has lately 

* See the Note on p?ige 2§< 



34 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IXL 

been erected for a native of the isle of Ely, 
in Cambridgeshire. 

16. In his late reign, Bonaparte rode over a 
rough road, in a storm of rain, and broke the 
rein of his bridle. 

17. A quadruped has four feet. The two 
hind feet are called lower extremities, and 
the two fore feet upper extremities. 

18. He went forth the fourth time late at 
night, and brought home a wounded knight 
whom no one could know. He w r as found 
in a grassy lane, where he had lain for several 
hours. 

19. Some part is already gone from the 
sum of our lives, and the present hours only 
are ours. 

20. He went to Rockaway to see the sea. 
Such a scene he had never seen. 

21. Boards are made ofjir trees, and hats 
of beaver's/wr. 

22. Lair is contracted for layer ; stair for 

Staid, like paid, said, afraid, is contracted from stay- 
ed, and the contracted form seems likely to prevail ; tho 
some persons attempt a distinction between staid, sober, 
and stayed, the participle of stay. This distinction is 
useless. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 35 

stayer. Prayer is shortened in sound but not 
in spelling. 

23. Don Quixote was a knight errant ; his 
companion Sancho was an arrant simpleton, 
and was sent on many a foolish errand by his 
master. 

24. The ascent up the hill is so very steep 
that I can hardly assent to walk to the top 
of it. 

25. The man fell from his horse and re- 
mained without any assistance, till a surgeon 
and two of his assistants arrived from town, 
and dressed his wounds. 

26. The attendants on company at inns are 
obliged to be always ready in attendancewhen 
strangers arrive. 

27. An auger is a carpenter's tool; and an 
augur is one who pretends to foretel future 
events by signs. 

28. The man was taken in the act of 
stealing a bale of goods, and would have 
been committed to prison, had not a friend 
become bail for his appearance at court. 

29. While the man stopped to bait his 
horse at the inn, I inquired if he would bate 
any thing of the price he asked for him in the 
morning. 



36 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

30. Baize is a kind of cloth ; and bays is 
the imaginary crown of a poet. 

31. Barbara Stockdale thought that the 
barberry tree had been brought from Barbary 
in Africa. 

32. The little boy was bare headed, and 
could bear heat and cold without injury to 
his health. He was much pleased when he 
saw the bear dance. 

33. The manor of the baron was not pro- 
fitable, because the soil was barren, and it 
was cultivated in a negligent manner. 

34. Base, in music, signifies low, and base 
conduct has the same general meaning. 
Many modern authors make no distinction 
between these words, but the former is 
sometimes written b,a,ss.* 

35. The Turkish Bey rode upon a bay 
horse, at the funeral of the Dey of Algiers, 
who died one day last week. 

36. It must be a cruel act to murder a bee 
for its honey; and jet this is constantly 
done. 

37. I took a walk on the beach where the 

* Martin prefers base. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 37 

prospect was dreary; and where neither 
hedge nor shady beech could be found to 
shield me from the burning rays of the sun. 

38. Cesar Johnson has been in the field 
pulling beans. He thrashed them, and put 
them into a bin. 

39. Eusebius began to beat Benjamin, be- 
cause he refused to give him a piece of beet 
root which he was eating. 

40. The belles and beaux were assembled 
at bowbells. 

41. The Indian carried his bow, but would 
not bow. 

42. Beer is a well known malt liquor : a 
bier was formerly used to carry the dead to 
the grave. 

43. A berry is a kind of fruit : to bury sig- 
nifies to inter the dead. 

44. It is better to be a peacemaker than a 
bettor of wagers. 

45. The wind blew so hard that Helen lost 
her bonnet, and also a blue handkerchief 
which she had on her neck. 

46. It is common to bore a hole through 
the nose of a boar, and to put a ring in it. 

47. Isaac Mason broke his leg, and was 

E 



38 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

borne to his house by three men on the day 
that his first child was born. This mis- 
fortune he has borne with the greatest 
fortitude. 

48. Some of the rotten boroughs of Eng- 
land deserted by men, afford burrows for 
rabbits. 

49. Christopher made a bow to his uncle, 
and as he was turning round to the com- 
pany, his hat was snatched off by the bough 
of a tree. 

50. When we arrived at Brest, my fellow 
traveler* got a fall, and hurt both his arm 
and his breast. 

51. The artillery men immediately ap- 
plied themselves to the breech of the gun, 
and pointing it at the wall of the castle, 
soon made a breach in it. 

52. A Briton is a native of the island of 
Great Britain. 

53. By industry and economy, the man 
has saved as much money as will buy a cow. 

54. The brewer takes care to bruise or 
grind his malt before he brues^ his beer. 

* Traveler, Perry. f Brue and mbrue, Martin, 

Brew and imbrew, Bailey. Brew and imbrue ! Johnson, 
Walker, Sfc. See Rule 12. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 39 



SECTION II. 

1 . It is not known whether Cain killed 
his brother khe\ with a walking cane or 
some other weapon. 

2. A calendar* is a register of the months 
and days of the year : a calender* is a press 
in which clothiers smooth their cloth. 

3. A canon is a rule or law ; and a great 
gun used in war is called a cannon. 

4. Rome is the capital of Italy ; and the 
Capitol is an ancient building in it. 

5. The sealing of a letter and the ceiling of 
a room are differently spelled. 

6. The man offered to sell his honey 
before it was drained from the cells of the 
combs. 

7. A censer was a vessel in which incense 
was burned, and a censor was an officer in 
Rome. 



* Calender, (a press,) Martin, the same as Calender, 
(a register,) Martin, Webster, Leiois. Calendar, J. Br. 
E. &c. Callender, Webster, under almanac. Kalender, 
Webster. Kalendar, J. B. M. Br. C. In Lewis's Histo 
ry of Translations of the Bible, the word is frequently and 
uniformly written calender. 



40 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

8. The cession of Java to the Dutch was 
settled by an act of the last session of par- 
liament. 

9. The chord line of an arc of a circle 
resembles the cord of a bow. 

10. From the site of the old castle, a 
delightful view bursts upon the sight at 
once. 

11. The man was cited to appear before 
the magistrate, who, being a little short 
sighted, did not immediately know him. 

12. Alexander Clarke had many debts 
owing to him, and he sent his clerk to collect 
them. 

13. The clause of a sentence is not written 
like the claws of a bird. 

14. Such is the course of things in this 
world, that the rich live sumptuously, and 
the poor on coarse and homely fare. 

15. Do you know the difference between 
the core of an apple, and a corps of soldiers ? 

16. Many of my correspondents inform me 
that the country is in a disturbed state; 
and, from a correspondence with some friends 






PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 41 

in Ireland, I learn that there are many dis- 
affected persons in that country also. 

17. The Privy Council is composed of 
ministers of state, who meet to give advice 
and counsel to the king of England. 

18. Remember that a courier is a mes- 
senger, and that a currier is a dresser of 
leather, and also that they are differently 
pronounced. 

19. The two ships Astrea and Jason 
sailed to cruise in the Mediterranean sea, 
but their crews becoming unhealthy,they 
were obliged to return. 

20. Minx a pert wanton girl is sometimes 
confounded with mink, a small black quad- 
ruped, valued for its fur. 

21. In the culture of this plant the farmers 
use a plow without a culter. 

22. You have written currant,* a fruit, 
instead of current, a stream of water. 

23. Eustace Williamson deserted the table 
before the dessert was set upon it. 

* Currant, from Corituh,a city; like Persicum, a peach; 
Census, a cherry ; Damascene, a damson ; four names 
of fruits, which are merely the contracted, or corrupted 
names of the places from which they came. 

e2 



12 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 



24. Dew is drops of water upon grass and 
other vegetables in the fields ; and a debt is 
said to be due when it ought to be paid. 

25. There is a great difformiiy between 
the beauty of the one and the deformity of 
the other. 

26. The disease was so violent that the 
man was not able to make his will before 
his decease, 

27. The American sailors are active, and 
their vessels are fast sailers. 

28. Arthur Dunn went to York, and when 
he had done his business there, he returned 
home on his dun mare. 

29. Some mistake e'er, that is ever, for 
ere, before ; and others for ear of the head. 

30. Several manuscripts are still extant in 
the Museum; from a perusal of which, this 
history has been carried to a greater extent 
than was at first proposed. 

31. You say you are faint and weak, 
which is only & feint to deceive us. 

32. 1 would fain know why you feign to be 
sick, when you are really not ill. 

33. We went to Doncaster/aeV, and saw 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 43 

many gentlemen and many fair ladies : at 
dinner, we did not fare very well ; so we 
ordered a chaise, paid the fare, and came 
home to tea. 

34. Little Frank walked farther than his 
sister, who soon grew tired, and was carri- 
ed in her father's arms. 

35. The crazy girl had the floor of her 
room strowed with dazies # and other flowers ; 
and the table covered with flourrf like that of 
a bakehouse. 

36. The water was very foul and muddy, 
but we found plenty of wild fowl near it. 

37. Mr. Francis Johnson and Miss Frances 
Murray are cousins, and much alike. 

38. Fungous flesh sometimes rises in 
wounds: a fungus is a mushroom. 

39. Eliza met us at the gate: she has 
grown much, but her gait is very aukward. 

40. The boat in tow, has passed the tower. 
When the clouds hang low, they are said to 
lower. 

* Dazy, Martin ; dazied, Johnson. 
t Walker says flour, more properly flower ! o.u.r is 
better, See Rule 23. 



44 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART Iff. 

41. The jester was a great mimic, and 
amused the company with his odd gestures 
as well as wit. 

42. A member of the guild or corporation 
was employed to gild the ornaments within 
the room. 

43. Picture frames are gilt with gold. 
Wicked men are often miserable : their guilt 
stares them in the face. 

44. With all his grandure* and state, Mr. 
Pemberton's house is grander than his. 

45. The grate is large, and the fire is pro- 
portionably great. 

46. They bent the houghs like a bow to 
form a bower. They could not show the 
fireworks on account of the shower. 

47. This soldier looks very sad; he grieves 
because he has lost the greaves which pro- 
tected his legs from danger. 

SECTION III. 

1. The park keeper killed one of the 
deer ; it was a young hart, and instantly fell, 
being shot through the heart. The flesh of 
it was sold very dear. 

* Grandure, Martin.—- 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 45 

2. A well sheltered and secure haven is a 
kind of heaven to mariners after a storm. 

3. Nathan's shoe has hurt his heel, and he 
has applied a plaster to heal it. 

4. Come here, and you shall hear the 
organ. 

5. You may go and see the ewe and lamb 
under the yew tree. 

6. There was another tree of the same 
green hue, and Hugh Wright came and hewed 
it down with his ax. 

7. Sibyl Anderson entertained him much 
by singing a hymn. 

8. If we work hard, we shall have our 
liberty in about half an hour. 

9. The heathens worshiped* idols; and 
some who are called Christians are too idle 
to go to church. 

10. The impostor escaped before the im- 
posture was discovered. 

1 1 . Rebekah sat down in the house before 
she knew that it was an inn. 

* Worshiped, Perry and Gilchrist. 



46 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

12. Sampson Russel has got a little insight 
into his trade, and this will incite his curiosity 
to a more extensive acquaintance with the 
subject. 

1 3. Learned men indite letters ; and jurors 
indict felons. # 

14. We do not read in the Bible that 
trial by jury, as with us, was used in Jewry 
by the ancient inhabitants. 

1 5. The fox was killed near the brick kiln. 

16. Take care that you do not write the 
nave of a wheel for a cheating knave. 

17. Phebe Watson knew not that Ursula 
Hill was a new scholar. 

18. The farmer mows his hay and packs 
it away in his mows ; and sows his grain to 
feed his sows. 

19. Phillis was not able to unty the knot, 
and so she cut it with a knife. 

20. Little Joe's mother said to him, lay by 
your book, and go and lief down on the bed ; 
Joe very willingly laid down his book, but 
took up a dish to lade water out of a tub in 

* See tfie Appendix. Ly, Martin. Rule 7. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 47 

the kitchen. At length he grew tired and 
went to bed ; and having lain about an hour, 
he got up and walked down the fane to seek 
his brother. 

21. The man who lacks religion, is lax in 
his morals. 

22. A Latin scholar should know that 
fatten is a kind of brass, or thin plates of iron 
covered with tin.* 

23. The gentleman led me up the hill to 
see the lead mine. The ore is called galena. 

24. With jour permission, 1 will leave the 
horse, as 1 had as lieve walk. 

25. A legislator is a member of the legis- 
lature, 

26. The boy knew how to lessen his work, 
and accordingly said a very short lesson. 

27. Lettice Agar would not eat salad with 
lettuce in it. 

28. After the levee^ the king proposed to 
levy a tax on ships employed in the Mediter- 
ranean sea. 

29. A liar is not believed even when he 
speaks the truth. A Her in wait for others 

* Lattin or latten, Johnson and Barclay say li brass" 
Bailey and Dyche say * iron tinned over," Martin gives 
both. 



48 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

is often detected. A lyre is a musical in- 
strument. 

30. The lynx broke two links of his chain, 
and finding himself loose, he escaped from 
his keeper, who was sorry to lose him. 

31. The soup was made by Mrs. Aston's 
maid, who is a very good cook. 

32. The king's champion wore a coat of 
mail at the coronation; and the mail coaches 
were decorated with ribands : # the con- 
course of persons both male and female was 
immense. 

33. The sailor, who was not accustomed 
to riding, seized the horse's mane as he 
would have done the main sail of a ship. 

34. Indian corn, in Botany, Zea mays, is 
called maize. It does not grow in England, 
and the sight of our fields might amaze a 
stranger. 

35. While the rowers were engaged in a 
row on shore, their boat which was not 
tied to the dock, was drifted away by the 
tide. 

* Riband, J. A. D. Ribband, B. M. A. Ribbon, 
B.M.A. Ribban,^.D. Ribon, Practice. Dr. Web- 
ster derives it from the Welsh, and says it should be 
Ribin. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 49 

36. Martin Graham did not know that 
the word marten* is applied to an animal of 
the weezel kind, as well as to a species of 
swallow. 

37. I cannot excuse jour not knowing that 
a matrass is a vessel used by chimists,f and 
that a matrice is a letter mold ; but you ought 
to know that a mattress is a quilted bed, and 
matross a soldier. 

38. Mead is a liquor made of the honey 
collected by bees from flowers in the meads. 
These industrious insects receive no other 
meed for their labor than to be barbarously 
destroyed. In the country of the Medes the 
honey is not taken in the same way. 

39. Elizabeth, take care of that medal, and 
do not let the child meddle with it. 

40. The steward placed the meat before 
him, and proceded to mete out the portion 
of every one present. A quantity of ale 
meet for such a company, was then brought 
in, of which every one took what was suf- 
ficient. 

41. Metal signifies gold, iron, &c. but 
mettle means spirit, courage, or vivacity. 



. 



* Marten, Godman. Martin, Turton's Linne. 
t Chimist, Webster, also Walker says " y or its 
bstitute i " among il all the nations of Europe." 
F 



50 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

42. The hay in the mow was cut by the 

mower. 

43. When the clouds hang bw they are 
said to lower. The boat in tow has passed 
the tower. 

44. A microscope might show you a mite 
in the cheese you are eating. 

45. The proprietor of the estate is a minor 
of seven years of age ; and the colliery upon 
it has been let to a miner on lease for four- 
teen years. 

SECTION IV. 

1. Alice Murphy was crossing the moat, 
to see the castle, when she got a mote into 
her eye. 

2. The boat was filled with iron ore, and 
was rowed by four sailors with oars. 

3. It is our intention to stay half an hour 
only. 

4. Here comes Esther with her milk pail. 
She looks very pale and sickly. 

5. Michael, you have broken two panes of 
glass, therefore you must order the glazier 
to repair them for your pains. 



6. Here is a fine pear, Susanna, will you 






PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 51 

pare it for me ? Do, and I will lend yon a pair 
of scissors.* 

7. This palace is too magnificent for a 
mortal. Pallas, the goddess of wisdom, 
might be content to reside here. 

8. Samuel, there are three words that I 
think you can spell: viz. palate, the instru- 
ment of taste ; palet, a painter's tool ; and 
pallet, a little bed. 

9. Mr. Paul Sand by was one of the pall 
bearers at the funeral. 

10. Emanuel Pole, Esq. had more votes at 
the close of the poll than either of the other 
candidates. 

11. A pastor is the minister of a congre- 
gation; it also signifies a shepherd who 
feeds his flock in a. pasture. 

12. The doctor's patients waited till the 
patience of some of them was exhausted. 

13.^ After a little pause, the cat sprung 
forward and caught the mouse in her paws. 

14. My companion was much piquedf atone 
of the guides who showed us the wonders of 
the Peak in Derbyshire. 



# 



Scissors. See the Appendix for this sevenfold word. 

f Piqued is French; peked would be English; i trans- 
lated is e, and qu, k. 



52 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

15. The vicar received a visit at the par- 
sonage, from the bishop of the diocese. This 
is the first time he has had the honor of enter- 
taining so great a personage, 

16. We walked over a large plain, and 
saw some fine sicamores or plane trees. 
On our return, we were accompanied by a 
joiner with & plane and other tools upon his 
shoulder. 

17. The plaintiff had lost his trial, and in 
a plaintive voice was lamenting the uncer- 
tainty of the law. 

1 8. The landry maid plaits linen ; the sil- 
versmith makes silvern/ate.; and the potter 
supplies us with plates for the table. 

19. If you please we will attend the Court 
of Common Pleas to-morrow. 

20. The wall stands quite plumb, and an 
Orleans plum tree grows against it. 

21. Helen presented me with a volume 
of poesy, just published, and my little sister 
with a posy of flowers. 

22. A popular speaker addressed the popu- 
lace, who were assembled under the shade 
of some poplar trees near the town. As the 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 53 

country is very populous the meeting was 
large. 

23. The sublime Porte has laid a duty on 
every pipe of port wine imported into any 
of the Turkish ports. 

24. The apothecary recommended a po- 
tion which he had prepared; but, being bitter, 
his patient left & portion of it in the cup. 

25. 'To practise writing essays is extremely 
useful, and ought to be the regular practice 
of every school. 

26. The robber preys upon the property 
of the public. He neither prays to God for 
pardon for his sins, nor does he praise him 
for the health he enjoys. 

27. The first President of the United 
States was a man of great abilities, and left 
an excellent precedent for his successors to 
copy after. 

28. The late precenter of the cathedral 
was very munificent; he was the presenter of 
the beautiful chandeleer* which now adorns 
the church. This and some other valuable 

* Bailey and Walker spell this word chandeleer, which 
is right ; eer is always to be preferred to ier } in variable 
words. Eer is English, ier is French. 

f2 



54 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART 111. 

presents arrived soon after the death of the 
donor, and were opened in the presence of 
the archbishop and the dean and chapter. 

29. The principles of religion are un- 
known to the natives of the country, and 
this is the principal cause of the cruelty of 
their nature. 

30. The prophet foretold the destruction 
of Jerusalem, and the dispersion of the 
J ews ; but the people did not profit by his 
advice. 

31. This is less excusable than writing 
rabbit, an animal, for rabbet, a joint in car- 
pentry, which is sometimes done. 

32. Winter not only deadens the appear- 
ance of the vegetable tribe, but threatens to 
raze them from the face of nature. Spring, 
on the contrary, brings new life, and the 
drooping plants begin to raise their heads, 
as soon as they become warmed by the genial 
rays of the sun. 

3J. There are three words which some- 
times puzzle learners, viz. raiser, one who 
lifts any thing up; razor, to shave with; 
and razure, the act of taking out or obliter- 
ating an error in writing. 

34. 1 have read the book with the red 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 55 

cover, and think it a very entertaining one. 

35. If you read the story of Pan, you will 
discover the original invention of the Pan- 
dean pipe of unequal reeds, now so much in 
vogue among musicians. 

36. The boy threatened to wrest the whip 
from his brother, and could not rest till he 
had got it. 

37. The* wretch procured some poison, 
and mixed it in a pudding for her husband's 
dinner : the poor man had no sooner eaten 
of it, than he fell sick, and began to retch 
violently. 

38. The man is a rigger of ships : he has 
caught cold, and from the rigors with which 
he is affected, a fever may be the conse- 
quence. 

section v. 

1. James Wright, the wheelwright, who is 
too ignorant to write his name, has thought it 
right to attend to the rites and ceremonies 
of the church. 

2. Margery began to wring her hands as 
soon as she discovered that her wedding 
ring was lost. 



56 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

3. The gentleman mounted his horse and 
rode strait to York, from whence he took the 
road to Hull, and arrived there the same 
evening. The next day he embarked in a 
ship bound for Rhode Island. 

4. Rose trees were planted in rows on each 
side of the garden. 

5. The manners of modern gentlemen are 
not so rough as those of former times ; nor do 
they, like them, wear large raffs about their 
necks. 

6. Mr. Nautilus is become a bankrupt, 
and the sale of his goods is advertised for 
Wednesday next. The stock is large, and 
consists of anchors, blocks, sails, masts, &c. 

7. A gentleman threw himself into the 
river Seine a few days ago. and was drowned. 
For some time past it had been observed 
that he was not of sane mind. 

8. A satyr among the heathens, was a 
horned monster, with the upper parts like a 
man, and the lower like a goat; a satire is 
a poem in which wickedness or folly is 
censured. 

9. Richard is known to be a saver of money, 
but this transaction savors a little of parsi- 
mony. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 57 

10. The scenes in Covent-garden theater, 
are the most beautiful that I have any where 

seen. 

11. The lady sent ten cents to the perfu- 
mer's for some orris root to scent her clothes. 

12. Master Henderson was so silly as to 
believe that the Stilly islands are in 
America ! 

13. Sculpture is the work of a sculptor, or 
carver. 

14. The cloth certainly did seem to be of 
one piece, for there was no visible seam 
in it. 

15. To sear means to burn. A seer is a 
prophet. Cere is a part of a bird's beak. 

16. This officer was the senior captain in 
the service of the Grand Seignior. 

17. Susan has an eye as black as a, sloe: 
she might be a clever girl, if she was not so 
slow in learning any thing. 

18. Eagles are accustomed to soar aloft 
in search of prey. A sore is an ulcer or 
wound. 

19. I borrowed a sum of money at the 



58 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

bank in February, and intend to return some 
of it next week. 

20. The sun was hot, and the old man 
grew faint, when his son requested him to 
repose, under the shade of a large oak that 
grew by the side of the road, 

21. A beef steak and a hedge stake, tho 
written differently, are pronounced alike. 

22. After he had traveled through seve- 
ral counties, he became stationary, and 
settled at Bristol, where he opened a shop 
for books and stationery goods of every de- 
scription. 

23. Several bars of steel were found in the 
possession of the prisoner; and tho he said 
he did not steal them, he could not prove the 
purchasing of them, and was, in consequence, 
committed to prison. 

24. As the young sucker depends upon 
the parent tree for support, so does the soul 
look to the Universal Parent for succor in 
time of need. 

25. First, weigh the box, and note down 
the gross* weight; then take out the goods, 
and weigh it when empty ; this latter weight 
will be the tare, which must be deducted 

* Grose, would be better English. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING, 59 

from the gross : afterward you may tear the 
box to pieces for fuel. 

26. To mistake the word tear, which is 
water from the eye, for tier, a row, shows 
great want of attention to orthography. 

27. This part of the country teems with 
sheep, and fine teams of horses. 

28. After the conclusion of the revolu- 
tionary war, many persons with their fami- 
lies went into France; and some appear 
disposed to settle there. 

SECTION VI. 

1. This is the proper time for planting 
mint, and thyme, and many other herbs. 

2. Give to your sister those two peaches ; 
and, when your task is finished, you shall 
have some too. 

3. When he was at Vienna, he compiled 
a treatise on the late war, which contained 
copies of all the treaties entered into between 
the two nations. 

4. There are two ways of spelling phial, 
a small bottle ; and both differ from viol, a 
musical instrument. Vial is correct. 



60 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

5. Scholars frequently think so much of 
the vacations, that their minds are less em- 
ployed in their respective vocations, than they 
ought to he. 

6. The verb to wane means to decrease. 
A wagon is sometimes called a wain. 

7. Samuel has torn the waist of his coat, 
which is almost a new one ; he ought not to 
waste his clothes thus. 

8. Where have you been to sell your ware ? 
I think you were here last summer, and had 
on the same clothes you now wear. 

9. The cabinet maker would not tell us 
whether the table was made of mahogany 
or Bay wood. 

10. Charles, if you had not submitted 
your neck to the yoke of idleness, you could 
not have made a blunder about the yolk of 
an egg. 

11. He wrote an essay on the art of assay- 
ing metals. 

12. A carat is a weight of four grains; 
and a carot is a well known garden root ; 
caret signifies wanting. 

13. To cede signifies to give up the pos- 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 61 

session of property; this word is written 
differently from seed, the organized particle 
which produces plants. 

14. Cole is the old and correct spelling, 
and colter its regular derivative, but modern 
practice requires coal and collier. 

15. The lady's jewels had, a few days 
before been carefully deposited in a 
shagreen case, and given to the care of a 
servant, who was no sooner in possession of 
the valuables than he absconded with them. 
The disappointment and chagrin occasioned 
by this loss were very great. 

16. The dispute rose so high that John- 
son in a fit ofcholer, struck Murray in the face ; 
and then, taking him by the collar, threw him 
upon the floor. 

17. The English Chronicle contains an 
account of a surprizing cure of a chronical 
disease, by the use of the Bath waters. 

18. We are not told whether the first cy- 
press trees introduced into this country, were 
brought from Cyprus, or elsewhere. , 

19. The officer was a Dane, and appeared 
not to notice the multitude, nor did he deign 
to return the salutes of those who approach- 
ed him. 



62 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

20. To limn means to paint, and a limner 
is a painter. His art is applied to the re- 
presentation of a single limb, as well as the 
whole body. 

21. The man had received very serious 
injury, and a few days after the accident, the 
discharge from his wound became serous, 
and his life was considered in danger. 

22. It has already been shown that previous 
to the commencement of the eruption, the 
weather was remarkably fine ; and that the 
sun shone very bright on the day preceding. 

23. To slight means to despise or neglect. 
A juggler performs tricks by sleight of hand. 

24. The doctor wrote a tract, in which he 
described the track of the ship Theseus, in 
her voyage to New Holland. 

25. He was wrapping up the letter, when 
a loud rapping at the door announced the 
arrival of his friend to whom the letter was 
directed. 

26. It is common for a robber to flee from 
his pursuers. Birds fly because they have 
wings. A flea leaps like a grasshopper. 

27. The farmer was a strong and hale old 
man : his constitution was proof against the 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 63 

heat of summer and the cold of winter; and 
the snow and hail of the latter season appear- 
ed to affect him no more than the genial 
showers of spring. 

28. A horse will neigh when he sees his 
companions. Nay is a word of denial. 

29. The weight of the bale of goods was 
so great, that the porter was obliged to wait 
for assistance before he could remove it. 

30. The whole house was dirty; the 
chairs, tables, and furniture in general were 
not bright ; nor was aught in order as it ought 
to have been. 

31. The poor bird flew about the room 
some time ; and, after many efforts to escape, 
it gained its liberty by going up i\ie, flue of 
the chimny. # 

SECTION VII. 

Elision of the H. 

1. Brian Wilson has bought a new ax, and 
now he hacks and hews every tree he comes 
near. These acts may one day subject him 
to punishment. 

2. Ladies use light and airy dresses in 
summer, and warm clothing in winter. Many 

* Chimny, Bailey. 



64 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 



animals wear hairy coats both summer and 
winter. 

3. The left hand would be much more 
useful if parents and nurses did their duty. 

4. My aunt tells me that the houses in India 
are much haunted by a kind of insect called 
the wTiite ant, which is very troublesome to 
the inhabitants of that country. 

5. I ate some beef without any thing to it 
but bread, for 1 hate mustard. We were eight 
of us at the table. 

6. Simeon pursued his studies with the 
greatest ardor, and made an astonishing pro- 
gress ; he was never idle, and wrought harder 
than any body in the school. 

7. There is no harm in playing at marbles; 
but I have seen a boy break his arm while 
playing at cricket. 

8. The boy laid down his bow and arrow, 
and went into the field to harrow some new 
sown corn. 

9. The poor man told a very artless tale ; 
he found few disposed to befriend him, and 
seemed quite heartless and cast down. 

10. Ash trees are common in hedges. 



PART III.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 65 

Calf's head hash is a dish much esteemed. 

11. Doors are sometimes fastened with a 
hasp. The asp is a kind of serpent. 

12. One boy said he would heat his meat 
at the fire, and then eat it. 

13. A fine thorn hedge extended along the 
edge of the hill. 

14. Bartholomew Gibson wanted higher 
wages than usual, and showed a good deal 
of ire on finding himself disappointed ; in 
consequence, his master would not hire him 
on any terms. 

15. Lawrence is to have his new coat on 
Tuesday. 

16. Poor old Isabel cannot walk without 
taking hold of Priscilla's arm. 

17. Dogs howl, and owls scream in the 
night. 

18. Whether it was owing to the inclemen- 
cy of the weather or to some other cause, 
could not be ascertained; but the sheep, 
wethers as well as ewes, looked much worse 
than usual at this time of the year. 

g2 



66 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART III. 

19. When the surgeon had examined the 
tumor, he found it to be a wen, and proceded 
to remove it by the knife. 

20. It was very wet and rainy all the way ; 
and the road being bad, we were detained 
on our journey much longer than we expect- 
ed. This served as a stimulus to whet our 
appetites for dinner, which had waked our 
arrival nearly two hours. 

21. Which of you is silly enough to 
believe that the poor old woman is a witch ? 

22. Youth and beauty, like the leaves of 
trees, wither and decay : this may remind us 
of the grave whither we are all hastening. 

23. The man began to whine and lament 
for the loss of his money, but when the wine 
appeared on the table, he became as cheer- 
ful as the rest of the company. 

24. Rime, for similar sounds at the ends 
of verses, is authorized by Bailey, and so 
written by some of our best English books, 
particularly Bosworttis Saxon Grammar, and 
Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. It is 
not So common as rhyme, but more correct. 



67 



PART IV. 

Exercises on Words liable to be erroneously written 
by Learners : in which the Difficulty arises from 
a material Difference between the Pronunciation 
and Orthography ; from Comparison or Contrast 
with similar Words ; from the irregular Forma- 
tion of the Derivatives ; from unsettled or varied 
Spelling ; and from other Causes, 

1. The little lambs ran bleating after 
their dams with their ears bleeding from the 
wounds of the shepherd's knife in marking 
them; and seizing the mother's teat, they 
seemed to find in it an alleviation to their 
sufferings. 

2. The man thought himself weatherwise, 
and began to prophesy in autumn respecting 
the ensuing winter : but tho his prophecy 
was not fulfilled, he did not appear to be 
convinced of his want of experience in the 
science of meteorology. 

3. The carpenter bored holes through 
many of the boards of the ship's deck to ven- 
tilate or let air into the hold, which from the 
nature of the lading, had become filled with 
foul air, and threatened the health of the 
crew. This had the desired effect, and the 
sailors completed their voyage in good 
health and spirits. 



68 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

4. A breeze is a light wind, and is very 
refreshing in hot weather. — To carouse is to 
drink. — To cauterize is to burn either with a 
hot iron, or with a caustic medicine. — To 
civilize signifies to improve in morals and 
manners. — To colonize is to plant colonies ; 
— and to compose means to put together. — 
A crosier is the pastoral staff of a bishop. — 
An enterprize requires skill and courage to 
execute it. — Cognizance means knowledge ; 
■ — and confusion want of method. — To criticize 
is to discover errors ; — and to crystalize im- 
plies to freeze or congele.* 

5. A plaid is a kind of loose cloke worn 
by the natives of North Britain. The word 
is pronounced so as to rhyme with bad, sad, 
&c. but differently written. 

6. The little girl could not read the book, 
and so her sister read it to her. 

7. Some vague reports of the minister's 
scheme for raising the supplies, have found 
their way into some of the newspapers ; 
but those prints which are thought to be 
more in the confidence of government, are 
quite silent, and throw no light upon the 
subject. 

8. A sharper will look you in the face 

* See Appendix. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 69 

while he cheats you : and tho you suspect a 
fraud, you can seldom mark the crime suffi- 
ciently to impeach him. Thus villany* con- 
tinues to prowl about the country in search 
of prey ; and thus the thief \ shielded from de- 
tection, continues to steal. 

9. One of the girls was a pert minx, who 
did nothing but jant about from place to place, 
and flant with every fop within her reach ; 
while the other, disgusted by the levity of 
her companion, teazed with her importunities, 
and wearied with traveling about, returned 
home to her friends. 

10. The dean was seen in the middle of the 
procession when it passed along the green. 
Tho he has a keen eye, and a noble mien, his 
horse (which was very lean) made but a mean 
figure in the cavalcade. 

11. Some farmers house their cattle in 
winter; others choose to expose them to the 
cold out of doors. In summer it is pleasant 
to loose them from confinement, and turn 
them out to browze among the trees in the 
shade. When the weather is hot, flies bite 
them so as to rouse their anger, and cause 
them to run about the fields like wild 
animals.t 

* See Letter 6. 

t Tho the dipthongs ou and ow vary in sound from oo, 
it was not thought improper to introduce them in this 
exercise. 



70 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

12. A countryman was returning from 
market one evening, when his horse took 

fright and threw him. He lay for some 
time in a sad plight, till a neighbor who 
happened to pass that way, discovered him 
by the light of the moon, which then shone 
very bright. On examining the unfortunate 
man, and finding that his thigh was broken, 
he tied a handkerchief tight about the limb, 
and then hastened to the next town for 
assistance to take him home. 

13. It is meet and right to rise from your 
seat when strangers come into your room to 
greet or salute you. When upon your feet 
you should in a neat and pleasing manner 
offer them meat or drink, as the hour of the 
day or the heat of the weather may seem to 
require ; and repeat your offer if you think 
them backward in accepting it. 

14. The man took the little boy by the 
hand, and promised to lead him home ; but 
after they had passed by the lead mines he 
led him into a wood, and there left him to 
find his way home as he could. 

15. The clown stared when he awoke, and 
saw the croud which was about him. He 
still appeared a little drowsy, and it was 
easy to guess the cause of his being in his 
present situation. In short, he had gone 
into an inn to quench his thirst ; and, the 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 71 

day being droughty, he had been thrown off 
his guard, and had drunk a quart of ale at a 
draft. This done, he proceded on his 
journey a little way, till the liquor so affect- 
ed him, that he lay down by the side of the 
road and fell asleep. 

16. The captain of the ship was so 
anxious to procure a sufficient freight,* that 
some of the passengers, thinking the vessel 
would be overloaded, were in a sad fright. 
In the course of the voyage it was found 
that the ship was really too heavily freighted; 
and, a storm arising, the captain was as 
much frightened^ as the crew. 

17. A real friend will advise you for your 
good, and your acquiescence in his advice will 
be best shown by following it. 

18. By care and industry the honest man 
will try to live ; and will vie with his neigh- 
bor in the exercise of every virtue. He 
will pry into the errors of others for the 
purpose of avoiding them; and when he 
hears any one tell a lie, he will cry out with 
much concern, "Ofy! How will you answer 
for this my friend, when you come to die?" J 

* The diphthong ei in this word has the sound of a long. 

t Fright, affrighted frighten are used indiscriminately. 

| Dy, fy, ly, Martin ; vy, Dilworth. All the words 
in the language, formerly ending in ie, which when 
written, excede two letters, have been corrected, and the 
above may be corrected on good authority independent of 
analogy. 



72 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

19. The house was said to be haunted, 
and the report might have been believed by 
some of the family, had not a female ser- 
vant, with undaunted firmness, offered to 
sit up all night if any one would accompany 
her. This proposal was not accepted, and 
the story soon lost its credit; but Molly 
did not hesitate to taunt one of her partners, 
who had on a former occasion spoken rather 
vauniingly of her courage. 

20. An accessary is one who assists ano- 
ther in committing a crime. One thing is 
said to be accessory to another when joined 
so as to increase it. These two words are 
sometimes discriminated tho Martin's Dic- 
tionary does not allow a difference. 

21. If we take a peep into the harvest 
field, we shall see how the mower's sithe 
cuts down the corn, sweeps it away, and 
leaves it laid in a row. From this row the 
binder collects a heap, and makes it into a 
sheaf. Afterwards, the reapers come running 
and leaping to gather the sheaves and make 
them into shocks to keep them from being 
steeped by the rain. 

22. An acid has properties very different 
from those of an alcaly ;* yet when brought 
into contact in a state of solution, they in- 

* Alcaly, Barclay, Rules, 7, 13. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 73 

stantly unite ; and, if the quantities have 
been duly proportioned, the properties of 
both the simples are completely changed, 
and lost in that of the compound. In the 
language of chimistry,* the acid and alcaly 
become neutralized by the union. 

23. Anodyne medicines are those which 
ease pain. Those called antiscorbutics are 
good against the scurvy; and antiseptics 
against mortification. Of a similar con- 
struction are the words Antichrist, against 
or opposed to Christ; antimonarchical, against 
government by a single person : and so are 
also antedate, to date before; antediluvian, 
before the flood ; antemeridian, before noon ; 
and many others. 

24. Some people show a great deal of zeal 
for the public weal of their country, and 
are perpetually appealing to their own plans 
for proofs of their patriotism. But if the 
keel only of the state vessel should happen 
to want repairing, and if, to heal the wound, 
their private interests should be ever so little 
affected, they do not scruple to lift their 
heel against the public interests of the 
country, and thus sign and seal their own 
true character. 

25. Jack Tar knew how to ply the oar 
and manage his boat as well as any water- 

* Chimistry, Webster and Walker, See page 49. 
H 



74 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

man at Whitehall; and could keep his 
vessel afloat when others were sinking. He 
sometimes wrote verses, could repeat many 
passages from the poets by rote, and has - 
been heard to quote Shakespeare when 
giving his vote at a city election. Tho he 
doted on his wife and children, yet his 
economy was sometimes drowned in liquor ; 
and his coat has occasionally been sold to 
buy a pot of porter over night; and a bank 
note exchanged the next morning in Wall- 
street, for a worse to supply its place. 

26. In this enterprize the general acheved* 
great honor, and completely retrieved a 
character of which he had been bereaved 
some months. His friends, however, tho 
grieved at the report of his defection, did 
not believe it, nor did they leave a stone un- 
turned to have the subject properly investi- 
gated. These friends did (with great credit 
to themselves) cleave so close as to heave off 
the load of slander that had been heaped 
upon him; and finally succeded in undeceiv- 
ing the public, who, tho they did not conceive 
it at first, now began to perceive how much 
they had been abused. 

27. The following words are sometimes 
written erroneously: namely, coddle, to boil 
slightly; coddling, a sort of apple sutableffor 
boiling ; and codling, (from cod a fish, and 

* Acheve, Bailey, from achever French. There is no 
i in the original. t Sutable, Martin. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 75 

ling a diminutive,) a kind of fish. In the 
spelling of these words we derive little help 
from dictionaries. 

28. Tom Jones the brazier is a quarrel- 
some brazenfaced fellow. He threw down 
my gun and broke the trigger ; but I obliged 
him to braze it together again, (that is to 
soder # it with brass,) which he did very 
neatly ; for with all his faults, he is an ex- 
cellent workman. 

29. The first edition of the book was in- 
correctly printed, and the errors remained 
uncorrected in every edition but the last. 

30. Charles said the word was indeclinable, 
and so it was left underlined by every boy in 
the class. 

3 1 . The word argillaceous signifies clayey. 
Argillaceous earth is earth mixed with 
clay. — Coriaceous is leathery, or of a sub- 
stance like leather. — Fabaceous plants are 
those of the nature of a bean. — -Cetaceous 
fishes are those of the whale kind. — 
Cretaceous means chalky, or abounding with 
chalk. — Crustaceous is shelly, with joints. 
Crabs and lobsters are crustaceous fishes. — 
Farinaceous is mealy. Wheat is a farinace- 
ous plant. 

32. The soldier was employed as a Her in 
* Soder, Ash. — Isaiah, xli. 7. Solder, Johnson, — 



76 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

wait to watch the motions of the enemy, 
when a stranger approached, and informed 
him that the Swedish army had gone another 
way. But he was a liar ; and it was after- 
wards discovered that he was also a spy in 
the service of the Swedes, and had been 
trying his talents by an essay on the credu- 
lity of the English sentinel. 

33. The failure of the enterprize was not 
attributed to the driness of the weather, nor 
the shiness* of the birds, but to the want of 
sliness* in the boy who set and watched the 
springe. 

34. The shower was very heavy, and the 
rain fell in such torrents that all the grates 
were choked up, and the water made its way 
along the middle of the streets. It was an 
hour after the rain had ceased to fall, be- 
fore the ground had soked up the water. A 
lady who was in the fields botanizing, was 
caught in the storm, and exposed to the 
whole of it, without either cloke or umbrella 
to shield her from its violence. 

35. In writing letters to your friends you 
should take care to indite them properly, 
that the sense may be clear and intelligible 
to those who are to read them. Without 
this precaution, what you intend to com- 

* See the Appendix. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 77 

municate may not be understood, and then 
your labor will be lost. A good inditer is 
preferable to one who possesses the qualifi- 
cation of fine writing only. 

36. Bad roads are indictable, and any per- 
son may be the indicter who can show cause 
to the Grand Jury. To indict is to ac- 
cuse before a court of justice by a written 
accusation, called a Bill of Indictment. 

37. The adjective invalid and the sub- 
stantive invalid are pronounced differently, 
tho generally spelled alike. The former, 
which signifies of no force or efficacy, comes 
from the Latin word invalidus ; and the 
latter, implying one disabled by sickness, is 
from the French invalide, anglicized by 
dropping the final e. 

38. In frosty weather, the air is so cold 
as to congele water and to render it solid, so 
that the greatest weight may be conveyed 
over it, as has been several times witnessed 
on the Thames, where fairs have been held 
upon the ice. Water is much lighter in a 
state of congelation than when fluid. Alcohol 
is less congelable than water. 

39. Colonel Godfrey died in the field of 
honor, combating the enemies of his coun- 
try. His services had been acknowledged 

h2 



78 ^ PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV, 

by parliament, and honorary distinctions tes- 
tified the approbation of his sovereign. 

40. The countryman had no sooner left 
the bank, than his pocket was picked of a 
quantity of notes and a draft for fifty pounds. 
The thief however was at length discovered 
in a public house, where after calling for a 
draft of beer, and regaling himself with a 
beef steak, he had joined a party of Irish 
soldiers who were playing at drafts, 

41. The servant said he was sorry for hav- 
ing delayed to return the balance, and prayed 
for pardon; adding that he had neither 
played at any game of chance, nor laid out a 
penny of the money but what he had paid on 
his master's account. 

42. Our dictionaries contain the words 
ambassy, ambassage, ambassador ; and embassy, 
embassage, embassador ; but of these only em- 
bassy and embassador are in general use. — We 
may also observe that the verbs amend, emend, 
and the noun emendation,* the first and last 
only are used: and altho amend and emend 
are both derived from the Latin emendo, yet 
amend is without its corresponding substan- 
tive, unless it is amendment. 

43. Such cattle as are more inclined to 

* Amend and amendment are preferable. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 79 

fatten than others, are said to be good 
grazers ; these bear a higher price, and are 
in great estimation with the graziers who 
feed them. 

44. Frumenty is made of wheat boiled in 
milk; and is a favorite dish with many 
people at Christmas. There are three spel- 
lings of this word, but frumenty is the most 
proper, being analagous to frumentum, the 
Latin word for wheat, from which it is evi- 
dently derived. 

45. A small branch of a tree is called a 
bough, and a large one a limb. — Bread is 
called dough before it is baked ; and when 
not baked enough, it is also said to be dough 
or doughy. — A cough is a mechanical effort 
of the lungs to discharge viscid or tough 
flegm, # or other offending matter. — Shocks 
dogs are rough and shaggy. 

46. It is not so easy to foretel the changes 
of the weather as some people imagine. 
This is proved by the frequent failure of 
their predictions; and yet they are not 
disconcerted by the want of success. The 
prognostics of these would-be-philosophers 
are generally drawn from various sources. 
The crowing of the cock on the dunghil, and 
the biting of a gnat in the evening, are 

# Flegm, Chalmers, Rule 14. t Shough, old spelling. 



80 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

incidents equally productive of matter for 
fertile imaginations. But if you ask a reason 
for their opinions, they immediately bid fare- 
wel to argument, and, entrenched in myste- 
ry, convince you that their understandings 
are clouded; and that the principles of 
their science are enveloped in the mists of 
ignorance. 

47. The word pendant is French, and 
signifies any thing hanging by way of orna- 
ment; as a jewel hanging in the ear; a 
small flag in ships. The pendulum of a- 
clock is also called a pendant. The adjec- 
tive pendent is from the Latin pendens, and 
signifies hanging; jutting over; supported 
from above. It is from this word that we 
have dependent, dependence, dependency, inde- 
pendent, &c. and therefore these words ought 
not to be written, as they sometimes are, 
with a in the last syllable; and the French 
word pendant should be anglicized by writing 
e rather than a. 

48. A membrane is " a web of several 
sorts of fibers, interwoven together for the 
covering or wrapping up some parts of the 
body. 1 ' The wings of the bat are membra- 
naceous. — The word foliaceous is used to 
describe substances that consist of thin 
layers or leaves. — Fruits of the pomaceous 
kind are those which partake of the nature 
of apples. — Fishes that have continuous, 






PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 81 

not jointed shells, are of the testaceous kind. 
— Plants that are soft, not woody, are said to 
be herbaceous, and this appellative is some- 
times also given to the animals which feed 
upon them. — Papilionaceous 'flowers are such 
as resemble a butterfly. The pea bears a 
papilionaceous flower. 

49. On the morning of the feast of St. 
Michael the archangel, the French army 
was attacked by the Archduke, and driven 
from the field of battle ; and on the follow- 
ing day, the combined fleet was defeated 
by the English in the Archipelago, when a 
cessation of hostilities ensued. In conse- 
quence of this event, the archives of the 
church, which had been plundered by the 
archenemy of the repose of Europe, were 
recovered ; the archbishop was restored to 
his archiepiscopal dignity ; and the architectural 
devastation of the cathedral repaired with 
all possible despatch. 

50. Our reception at Rose Castle was 
very gracious ; and the season for viewing 
the pleasure grounds (which were in a state 
of the greatest perfection) was most propi- 
tious. The rooms are uncommonly spacious, 
and their arrangement for the convenience 
of a family, in the highest degree judicious ; 
but without that ostentatious display of 
grandure* which astonishes at Grove Park, 

* Grandure, Martin* 



82 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

The viands were excedingly nutritious, the 
fruits luscious, and the wines delicious. The 
company was select, and tho one of the 
gentlemen was a little sententious in his con- 
versation, the rest were very agreeable, and 
some of them remarkably facetious. 

51. A trough is an open vessel or reservoir 
of stone or other materials for containing 
liquids, &c. — The chough, a bird mentioned 
by Shakespear, # may be generally seen fly- 
ing about the rocks by the sea side, tho not 
much noticed by modern poets. — The hock\ 
is the joint of the hinder leg of a beast; 
above which is the tendon that Joshua was 
commanded to cut when he hocked the horses 
of his subdued enemies, and burned their 
chariots of war w r ith fire ; that he might not, 
by retaining, be tempted to confide in them, 
rather than in the arm of that Omnipotent 
Being, through whose assistance, he had just 
obtained so signal a victory. 

52. The stranger appeared to be a scholar 
and a man of science; and tho his mind 
was fraught with schemes and inventions, 
yet in religion he was a skeptic. He pro- 
duced a schedule of his discoveries; but the 
list did not exhibit any proofs that the 
world was made by chance; nor was he 

* The simple English, shake and spear, show the best 
spelling of this fourfold name. 

f Hock and hocked, Webster and Dyche. Hough 
and houghed, old spelling. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 83 

disposed to enter into a scientific discussion 
of the subject. In short, he was no better 
able to describe the cause of his own 
thoughts, than to discover the source of a 
scirrhus or a cancer. 

53. A conduit is an aqueduct or canal of 
pipes for the conveyance of water. — A gild* 
is a society, fraternity, or corporation. The 
town hall of a corporation is sometimes 
called the gild hall. — The juccf of some 
sorts of fruit is sweet; of others, acid. 
Those of the latter kind sute better for 
baking, but they require more sugar. — The 
tract of country visited by the judges for 
holding assizes, is called the circuit Ser- 
geants, barristers, and attornies also travel 
the circuit mpursute of business ; and are 
employed in preparing and pleading the 
causes tried before the judges at those 
assizes. 

54. The lady was an experienced coquet, 
to whom the etiquet of maskerades was quite 
familiar. She could burlesh the gravity of 
a Spaniard, dance with a harlequin, or join a 
party at picket, or at quadril as occasion 

* Gild, sute, sutable, Martin, of course, pursute. 

t Juce from the Latin jus, gravy or broth. There is 
no i in the original, of course ver-juce and juce are right, 
according to Rule 24, and so they are found in Webster's 
12mo. Dictionary. 



84 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

offered. At one time she was seen toying 
with a grotesk figure in a hideous mask; 
and at another, casting oblike glances at a 
modern antique in an opake corner of the 
room. Upon the whole, her talents were so 
various, and her conversation and replies so 
piquant, as to arrest the attention of the 
whole company . # 

55. A slough is a miry place, and a slough 
signifies the cast skin of a snake or of a 
sore. Altho the orthography of these two 

* Note on the French words 53 — 4, from Dr. John- 
son's preface to his great Dictionary, 31st paragraph. 
" The words which our authors have introduced by their 
knowledge of foreign languages, or ignorance of their 
own, by vanity or wantonness, by compliance with 
fashion, or lust of innovation, I have registered as they 
occurred, tho commonly only to CENSURE them, and 
warn others against the FOLLY of naturalizing 
foreigners to the injury of the natives." He adds 
again, (fifth paragraph from the end,) " Let them en- 
deavor with all their influence, to stop the license of 
translators whose idleness and ignorance, if it be 
suffered to procede, will reduce us to BABBLE a 
dialect op FRANCE." 

According to this most excellent remark, we ought to 
spell, condit, gild, sute, sutable, pursute, frute, juce, 
anteke, piccant, and cirket. I have inserted those only 
for which I have given the authority of standard Dic- 
tionaries. 

* Coquet, B. M. Wb. A. Etiquet, Wb. — Maskerade, 
Rule 24. Ash gives masker, from which comes regularly 
maskerade. Burlesk, B. M. Wb. Quadril, Wb. with 11. 
Picket, M. D. Grotesk, B. M. Oblike, Wb. Opake, 
Wb.D. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 85 

words is the same, yet their pronuncia- 
tion is different, the former riming* with 
thou, and the latter with pujf.— Borough towns 
send members to parliament as well as cities 
and counties. 

56. Tho the parliament assembled at 
an earlier period than usual, the business of 
the session was not finished till the middle 
of July. This delay was occasioned by the 
intrigues^ of opposition, rather than by any 
neglect of the ministry or their colleagues. 
And notwithstanding the fatigues of office, 
and the efforts of a few demagogues, whose 
tongues% had been raised against them, the 
ministers persevered in the course they had 
adopted, to the conclusion of their labors, 
when the parliament was prorogued by the 
king in person. 

57. The water of some springs is impreg- 
nated with iron from the ore of that metal 
with which some parts of the earth abound ; 
this is called chalybeate water. — The came- 
leon is an animal said to have the power of 
changing its color to that of such objects 
as are near it. — A capuchin is a monk of 
the order of St. Francis. — The word epoch 
signifies " the time at which a new compu- 
tation is begun ; the time from which dates 

* Rime, Bailey, Martin, Bosworth, and Turner. 
t Intreagues, Martin. J Tungs, Saxon. Wb. 12mo.^- 

I 



1 IV. 



86 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART 

are numbered." — A distic is a couplet, or 
a couple of lines in poetry ; and a hemistic 
half a line. — A chevalier is a knight; and 
chivalry* implies valor, or the qualifications 
of a knight. 

58. The general character of the compa- 
ny was not of the most auspicious kind. 
Stanhope was so captious, that nobody 
could please him. Miller was very loqua- 
cious, and would scarcely allow any one to 
speak but himself. Grimston, on the con- 
trary, was very cautious in speaking, and 
might have passed fair, had not his vicious 
principles been known. Craven was offi- 
cious, and let nothing pass without inter- 
fering in the most vexatious manner; and it 
was not easy to say whether Rhodes or 
Denham was more capricious, for both were 
too whimsical to continue an hour in the 
same mind. 

59. The late archdeacon of Cleveland was 
succeded in the archideaconal office by the 
Rev. Francis Wood Raper, vicar of Hunt- 
ingford, a man of high attainments, and 
whose friend Dr. Dolben had filled the 
archiepiscopal chair, since the death of arch- 
bishop Sterne in 1680. 

60. If we look around us, we shall be 
surprized to observe how little some people 
prize health, and how much pains they take 

* Chevalry, Martin. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 87 

to destroy it. One of the greatest blessings 
of life, without which no other can be en- 
joyed, is beneath their care, and unworthy 
of their attention. With these persons we 
may be disposed to sympathize during an 
agonizing fit of the gout, and yet we feel 
ready to apprize them of their danger, when 
insted of studying the rules of temperance, 
they begin to devise means for indulging the 
appetite, and for returning to that gorman- 
dizing system which has already produced 
such baneful effects ; a system which, if per- 
severed in, will not only render them unable 
to gluttonize as formerly, but disqualify them 
for every rational enjoyment of life. 

61. Plays are divided into acts, and these 
are subdivided into scenes. A scene is also 
a painted curtain, behind which the actors 
retire when not performing. On the stage 
the different characters of mankind are per- 
zonized : from the sceptered monarch to the 
beggar, all are occasional parties in this 
motly* representation ; and the orthodox as 
well as the schismatic, the scholiast and the 
schoolboy, are all made to "fret their hour" 
upon this " world in miniature." 

62. Newly enlisted soldiers are called 
recruits. — A sluice is a floodgate or aperture, 
by which water is let into, or out of, a 

* Motly, Bailey, Rule 7. 



88 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

canal or river. — Biscuit is a kind of bread 
used at sea, and for other purposes. It is 
hard and dry, and particularly adapted for 
long keeping. The word biscuit signifies 
twice baked. It is spelt bisket by Dyche ac- 
cording to Rule 24. A composition of flour, 
almonds, and sugar, formed into a long 
narrow cake, is also called biscuit. — Gui- 
neas were first coined in the reign of king 
Charles the Second. They continued in 
use till towards the end of the reign of 
George the Third, when they were super- 
seded by Sovereigns.* Guineas were so 
called because the gold of which they were 
made, was brought from Guinea, a country 
on the western coast of Africa. 

63. The old man was born near Lough 
Neagh, in the province of Ulster, in the 
kingdom of Ireland. He was a thorough 
bred husbandman, and had followed the 
plow for fifteen years, when a war broke 
out, and he became a soldier. In this cha- 
racter, he has traveled through most of the 
countries of Europe, and is now on furlough 
at Loughborough in Leicestershire, visiting 
his friends. 

64. Pharmacy is the art of preparing 
medicines. — A confused mass of many ingre- 
dients is denominated a farrago.— Physic 
signifies, in a general sense, the science of 
healing; and a physician is one who pro* 

* Worth 20 shillings sterling, C. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 89 

fesses the art of healing. — Natural philosophy 
is sometimes called physics. — A fissure is a 
cleft or narrow chasm. Physiognomy is an 
art that professes to discover the dispositions 
of persons, and to predict the future inci- 
dents of their lives, by the features of the 
face. The word physiognomy also implies 
the particular look of the face, as well as 
the face itself. 

65. Monarchy is the government of a 
single person, whatever may be his title, 
whether emperor, king, &c. — The word 
signifies also an empire, a kingdom, &c. — 
A hierarchy is a sacred government. An 
ecclesiastical establishment is likewise de- 
nominated a hierarchy. A heptarchy is a 
government by seven persons. In the year 
428, England was divided into seven distinct 
kingdoms, and governed by as many Saxon 
princes. This state of government was 
called the Saxon Heptarchy, and continued 
till 825, when Egbert united the seven 
kingdoms into a monarchy. — Anarchy means 
a want of government; a state in which 
no man is accountable for his actions, and 
in which rapine and murder are the ruling 
powers. 

66. Naphtha, petroleum, and asphaltum 
appear to be the same mineral in different 
states of desiccation or driness. They are 
bituminous and inflammable ; and are ap- 

i2 



90 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

plied to various uses, particularly in the 
arts. — Porphyry is a species of rock, so hard 
that it is difficult to temper tools so as to 
perforate it. The ancient Egyptian sculp- 
tors, however had a method of cutting it, as 
their works testify,* but their art is said to 
be lost. — A telegraph is an instrument by 
which information can be conveyed to a 
distance, through the means of signals ob- 
served by telescopes. Tho the use of sig- 
nals is of great antiquity, the modern tele- 
graph is a creature of the French Revolu- 
tion. 

67. We ought to be careful how we asso- 
ciate with persons of doubtful morals, and 
whose characters will not bear the strictest 
scrutiny. Our new acquaintances should 
be minutely examined, that we may duly 
appreciate their merits before we permit 
them to ingraciate themselves too deeply 
into our favor. Without this precaution 
we may negociate friendships to injure our 
reputation, or nauseate us with absurdity 
before we can shake them off! And tho we 
make a public avowal of our separation, it 
will be no easy matter to convince others 
that we are not made worse by our late un- 
propitious connexion.* 

68. The young man proceeded to Bristol, 

* See Letters 20, 46, and 47. 






PAR? IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 91 

and found that city so large, as to excede 
his highest expectations. As he wanted a 
situation in a merchant's countinghouse, 
he applied to a friend who had promised to 
intercede for him, and had the good fortune 
to succede agreeably to his wishes. His 
new masters were honorable men, and 
conceded every reasonable indulgence that 
was requested, and he seemed gratified and 
happy. In a little time, however, he began 
to recede from those moral principles in 
which he had been educated ; his employ- 
ers became dissatisfied, and he was even- 
tually superseded, and his place filled by a 
person who had been intended to precede 
him, but whose friends would not then 
accede to his wishes. 

69. The distinction between a machine 
and an engine is not clearly ascertained, 
notwithstanding in some acceptations of the 
words there is evidently a difference. When 
applied to instruments according to the 
principles of mechanics, the import of the 
words seem to be the same ; but we do not 
apply the term machine to a person em- 
ployed as an agent, tho we sometimes de- 
scribe him as an engine used in executing 
the schemes and machinations of his principal. 
Such an engine is not moved by the common 
principles of mechanism. 

70. Many errors in spelling have arisen 



92 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

from imperfect pronunciation ; thus, house- 
wife has been corrupted to huswife ; and as- 
paragus, the delight of epicures, degraded 
to vulgar sparrowgrass. Some have been 
introduced by adapting the orthography to 
bad pronunciation; thus hostler has been 
mutilated to ostler ; hiccough has assumed the 
spelling of its own convulsive sound hickup, 
which will, at least, prevent its being mista- 
ken for the hooping or chincough ; and the 
fundamental part of music, which has been 
denominated the bass, should be changed 
into base, the common application of that 
term to foundations in general. 

71. In many cases the orthography has 
been corrupted and vitiated since the pro- 
nunciation was fixed ; thus, tho is the proper 
spelling, and though a very cumbrous and 
aukward addition to the proper word. The 
same may be said of many others, all which 
it is hoped may be reformed. Thus we 
write plow rather than plough ; hock to ham-, 
string rather than hough, which is in danger 
of being pronounced either huff or hou like 
thou. In every case in which good practice 
decides in favor of analogy, we should be 
careful to choose the simplest and easiest 
form of a variable word ; for it is very evi- 
dent that no letters really useful, are ever 
lost in practice. 

72. Holdsworth was heir to a considers- 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 93 

ble estate, and had improved his fortune 
by marrying an heiress of a v£ry honorable 
family in the north. Tho humble in his 
views respecting state policy, and no aspi- 
rant after literary fame, he possessed a nice 
sense of honor, and was facetious in com- 
pany, if not actually a humorist. He was 
much pleased in the society of worthy and 
honest men in whatever station he found 
them ; and has spent many an hour in the 
society of the invalids in Chelsea Hospital, 
inquiring, with the greatest good humor, the 
particulars of those actions in which they 
had acquired those honorary rewards that 
now ornamented their persons, and which 
shed such a luster over them as defenders 
of their country. 

73. The word orchester (or, as it is usually 
written, orchestra) sometimes means a band 
of musicians, and sometimes the place 
wherein they perform. — An aker of land is 
the quantity of one hundred and sixty 
perches. — A sepulcher is a grave or tomb. — 
A scepter is an ensign of royalty. — The 
center of a circle is a point within it, equally 
distant from every part of its circumference. 
— Luster signifies brightness, and lucre is 
gain, or pecuniary advantage. — Plays are 
acted at the theater. — The poetical measure 
of verses is denominated meter. — The word 
massacre is frequently pronounced with the 



94 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART 

final e long; but this is a vulgar error.*- 
specter is an apparition or ghost. 



,v. 



74. The word complaisance implies civility, 
or the desire of pleasing ; and complacence 
means pleasure, satisfaction, or gratifica- 
tion. The latter word also is sometimes 
used to express civility; but as it does not 
always supply the place of the former, and 
as the two words are very differently pro- 
nounced, it would be better to limit them 
to the definitions here given. A shade of 
difference may be observed in the adjec- 
tives complaisant and complacent ; the former 
being an active, and the latter a passive 
quality, if these terms may be allowed to be 
thus applied. 

75. Some people indulge in such an 
habitual absence of mind, that one might 
imagine they have a license to dispense with 
the rules of good breeding, and to deal out 

* The words of this exercise have been too often spelt 
with the e after the r in the French form. " This is con- 
trary to " Rule 24, and " the practice of the best authors 
of the last and preceding centuries, Newton, Shaftsbury, 
Dryden, Prideaux, Hook, Whiston, Bolingbroke, Middle- 
ton," and others. Johnson condemned this class of words, 
and Dr. Webster has corrected them. The two end- 
ing in ere might be corrected by writing them lucar and 
massacar, with a c, like vicar ; or luker and massaker, 
with a k, like rebuker. Either of these would be analo- 
gical, and English ; and our language has been too long 
disgraced by its subservience to foreign and anomalous 
forms of words. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 95 

nonsense in the presence of every person 
doomed to hear them. Acquiescence in the 
sentiments of those orators, is like offering 
incense to their vanity, and cannot be done 
but at the expense of sincerity in those who 
hear them, and who, tho they may not make 
the discovery at first, cannot long remain in 
suspense as to the real character of those un- 
profitable companions. To attempt their 
defense would bring upon us a deserved 
recompense. 

76. The marchioness is a woman of a most 
amiable character ; and her affability and 
condescension do honor to her elevation 
of rank. The house, which is fit to be the 
residence of a monarch, stands on an eleva- 
ted situation, and has an extensive prospect 
over a fine champain* country. In the park 
are several goats of the shamoy* kind, and 
also a vast number of deer, some of which 
were such as we had not seen before. After 
we had viewed the rooms, we sat down to a 
glass of excellent champain, a wine so called 
from the province of Champagne in France, 
where it is produced. 

77. To patronize^ signifies to support, to 
countenance, or protect. — To harmonize 
means to agree, or correspond. To equalize 

* Champain and Shamoy, Martin. 

t See the Appendix for the words in this exercise. 



96 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

is to make even, or equal. To tantalize 
signifies " to torment by the show of plea- 
sures which cannot be reached."— Wares, 
or any things to be bought or sold are 
called merchandize. — To authorize is to es- 
tablish by authority.-— To reqognize implies 
44 to recover and avow the knowledge of 
any person or thing." — To apologize means 
to defend or excuse. — To epitomize is to con- 
tract into a narrow space. — To journalize is 
to enter an account of daily transactions. — 
To signalize means to make eminent ; and to 
demise is to grant by will. 

78. On a superficial view of our laws, as 
they occasionally affect individuals, we may 
be led to suppose that they are founded 
upon an artificial basis, and that they do not 
afford substantial justice to all classes of citi- 
zens. But on a nearer inspection we shall 
find, that the judicial procedings # of our 
courts are more specially calculated to ad- 
minister impartial justice, than those of any 
court of law in Europe; and that, in conse- 
quence, we ought to look up to them with 
the most reverential regard, and be thankful 
that our lot has been providentially cast under 
their benign influence. 

79. Okerf is a fossil earth combined with 

* ProcEdure and procEeding I Johnson^- 

PrecEde and procEed ! Walker -\- 
t Oker, B. M. J. Ocher, Wb. 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 97 

the oxid of some metal, particularly iron. 
It is much used in painting, and is naturally 
of a yellow color, but becomes red by 
calcination. — The anchovy is a small sea 
fish, found on the coasts of France and 
Spain, and pickled for the purpose of being 
used as sauce or seasoning. The harpsi- 
cord* is a musical instrument of the stringed 
kind, with keys like an organ. It is at 
present little used, being superseded by the 
piano forte, an instrument of much greater 
variety of tone, and effect in the execution, 
than the harpsicord, of which it is an im- 
provement. The exchequer is the court to 
which are brought all the revenues of the 
crown of England, and in which all causes 
concerning that revenue are tried. 

80. A person who performs any business, 
or who signs a deed or other writing, is 
said to be the executer of such business, or 
of such deed. There does not appear to be 
any reason why this word should not be 
applicable to the person who is appointed 
to execute the will of a testator. Custom, 
however, has determined the point, and the 
executor of a will is neither written nor pro- 
nounced like its prototype. 

81. Rhubarb is a very useful medicine. It 

* Harpsicord, Dyche. Martin spells it two other 
ways, and in both omits the h. See Appendix. 



98 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV- 

is the root of a. plant common in Tartary, 
and now cultivated in Britain. — Woad is a 
plant raised in this country in considerable 
quantities. This and indigo are the only 
coloring matters used in dying blue.— Sper- 
maceti* is a substance extracted from whale 
oil, and used in the manufacture of candles. 
It is also applied to other purposes. — Porce- 
lane\ or china ware was first made by the 
Chinese; but now the English and other 
Europeans manufacture this article of an 
equal quality, and ornament it in a stile cor- 
responding to the superiority of European 
taste over that of Asia. 

82. Since the invention of gunpowder, 
bows and arrows have been laid aside, and 
musketeers substituted for archers. — The 
original from which any thing is made, is 
called an archetype. — The sister, or daughter 
of the archduke of Austria, has the title of 
archduchess ;X and the wife of the archduke 
of Tuscany is stiled in the same manner. — 
The word architrave is a term used in archi- 
tecture. — Archaiology signifies a discourse or 
treatise on antiquities. 

83. Words ending in efy or ify, are very 

* Spermacety, English. f Porcelane, Martin. 

\ Dutchess and archduchess ! Johnson and Walker.-\- 
So also chestnut and horsechesnut, in those and many 
other dictionaries ! ! 



PART IV.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 99 

discordant in different authors. In all theses 
words, i should be preferred to e. We meet 
such contradictions as these : — calefy and 
clarify, arefy and scarify, rarefy and narrify, 
tumefy and ramify, torrefy and terrify, liquefy 
and typify^ labefy and rubify, tabefy and edify, 
putrefy and purify; and others,which disgrace 
the pages of our Dictionaries. Arid, calid, 
tumid, torrid, tabid, liquid, and putrid are always 
with i, and the derivatives are regularly 
formed, by dropping d, and adding^. 

84. Words ending in eer or e'er, are variable: 
piomer and pioneer are both found in John- 
son's Dictionary, the first in his preface, the 
second in his stock. In all words of this 
class which are variable, (and they are near- 
ly all so,) we should choose the English ee r 
rather than the French ie. Brigadeer, gren- 
adeer, bombardeer, halberdeer, gondoleer, can- 
noneer, carbineer, are better with eer; for if 
spelt with ier, they might be confounded with 
such words as multiplier, and occupier. 
» 
85. There is a small class of words in 
ew or ow that are frequently found at va- 
riance, even in the most accurate writers. 
Mr. Walker has written shown on his title 
page, and shewn on the second page of his 
preface. The combination ew is going out 
of use, being superseded in one case by ue, 
and in the other by ow. Thus we write 
clue rather than clew, and show and strow 



100 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IV. 

rather than shew, strew. In these and 
ether cases, the pronunciation guides the 
spelling. 

86. The number of variable words is 
nearly two thousand, all or nearly all of 
which, come under the Rules given at pages 
19 and 20, or under the foregoing three sec- 
tions. These Rules and observations are 
drawn from the best modern practice, as ob- 
served in works of the highest character, 
by the best authors. They will be found 
very useful in doubtful cases, and the Ap- 
pendix may be consulted wherever a word 
seems, at first view, to show an orthography, 
different from that to which we have been 
accustomed. 

87. Smith was a most eccentric character, 
and tho not guilty of any hainous crime, 
he lived without credit, and died unregret- 
ted. At the age of fifteen he was ap- 
prenticed to a grocer, but having surfeited 
himself with raisins, he grew sick of trade ; 
and was placed under a surgeon. His new 
master was no stranger to his instability, 
and accordingly entered upon an explicit 
enumeration of the duties of his apprentice, 
declaring that he always required implicit 
obedience to his orders, and should not 
hold him excusable for any neglect or breach 
of them. Under the steady eye of this 
gentleman, Smith struggled through the 



PART IV.] EXERCISE? FOR DICTATING. 101 

stated period of his servitude, and then 
entered as a sergeant* in the militia. In this 
new character he was sent into the country 
to watch the illicit traffic of some smugglers; 
and here he became fascinated with the 
charms of an Irish girl, who persuaded him 
to marry her. Our dreams of happiness are 
short-lived. Before the expiration of the 
honey moon, the bride grew tired of acting 
the hypocrite. Her brain was in a state of 
efferv escence'ir om repeated doses of whisky ;f 
and she heroically threw off the mask. In 
a state of mind bordering on despair. Smith 
now had recourse to the expedient of drown- 
ing sorrow in liquor, and at last ended his 
days in a work-house, where his wife had 
died a short time before. 

38. Sheets of paper once folded, and mak- 
ing two leaves, are called folios ;J in four 

* Sergeant, See Note in the Appendix, f Whisky, Wo. 

% Nouns ending in o have sometimes es, and at 
other times s in the plural. Thus we see folios, olios, 
nuncios , punctilios, seralios, banios, ratios, twos, uniform- 
ly with s, but echoes, heroes, haloes, woes, cargoes, pota- 
toes, with es; which seems to indicate this rule ; namely, 
when another vowel comes before o, add the s ; and when 
a consonant comes before o, add es ; which rule applies 
also to verbs in the second person singular, as, woo, woos ; 
go, goes; do, does. From this rule octavos, quartos, 
&c. are exceptions. All words that end in ow long, 
might advantageously drop the w, and then glo and gro 
would be analagous to fro, and go; and the second 
person would be gloes, groes, like goes. 

J2 



102 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART IT, 

leaves they are quartos, in eight leaves, oc- 
tavos, in twelve leaves, duodecimos, in eighteen 
leaves, octavo-decimos, in twenty-four leaves, 
vigesimo-quartos. The latter two are also 
called eighteens and twenty-fours. — Heroes 
are great men. — Nuncios are messengers. — 
Negro is the Spanish form of the Latin, niger, 
black, and the plural is negroes, — Manifestoes 
are public proclamations. — Unios are fresh 
water shells, vulgarly called, fresh water 
clams. — Potatoes, axe the roots of the Solanum 
tuberosum. — Tomatoes are the fruit of the 
Solanum lycopersicum. 






103 



PART V. 



Exercises on various Subjects, in the form of 
Essays, Anecdotes, fyc. 

1 . Genius and Economy. 

Genius and economy seldom unite in the 
same person. The man of genius soars 
above the consideration of the utility of 
shillings and pence, tho their presence may 
be necessary for procuring to-rnorrow's din- 
ner; while the economist will not enjoy his 
meal to-day, without considering whether he 
can dine to-morrow. 

2. Shrub. 
Shrub is a spirituous* liquor, made by 
mixing sugar and the juce of lemons with 
rum or brandy. It is pleasant to the palate; 
but, like a flatterer, it deceives while it 
pleases ; and the unwary often pay for their 
gratification by a temporary suspension of 
their reason. 

3. Wagers. 

About forty years ago a person stated to 
me a proposition which I thought disputable, 
and expressed my opinion accordingly. He 
then offered to bet a wager of a shilling on 

* See Appendix. 



104 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V, 

the truth of it, which I accepted, and lost. 
The winner knew the positive fact before- 
hand, and refused the money ; but I insisted 
on paying, and have never been concerned in 
wager since. Here the loss of one shilling 
has probably saved a thousand. 

4. Wafers. 

"Wafers are composed of flour, isinglass, 
and a very small proportion of yeast. This 
mixture is colored, and then spread into 
very thin cakes, on tin plates; dried on a 
stove, and then cut into wafers." 

5. Isinglass. 

o 

"Isinglass is a substance composed of 
the sound, that is, the air bladder, of fish. 
The coarser kinds are made from the intes- 
tines offish. The preparation is simple ; 
after cleansing the sounds from the sea- 
water, they are put, for a few minutes, into 
lime-water, thfit all the oily parts may be 
absorbed. They are then again washed, 
cleansed, and rolled into roumd forms of 
the thickness of the finger, dried in this 
state, and being pulled off in little strips, 
appear as we usually see the isinglass." 
The mineral named Mica, is sometime call- 
ed isinglass, but very improperly. 

6. Camphor. 

Camphor is a concrete juce found in the 
Laurus Camphora, a large tree growing in 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 105 

the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo. It is 
picked out with knives from the center of 
the oldest trees, through the trunk of which 
it runs in perpendicular veins. But the 
most general method of extracting it, is by 
the aid of fire. It is used for medicine, per- 
fume, and rockets. 

7. Ambergris. 

Ambergris is found floating in the sea, 
but more commonly in the intestines of a 
whale. (JPhyseter macrocephalus.) It is most 
probably caused by a sickly state of the 
animal, as those that contain it are lean and 
appear diseased. The origin of ambergris 
has been a fruitful source of conjecture, but 
this appears the most probable. It is used 
for perfume, and is much valued. 

8. Precious Stones. 

The diamond is the most precious of all 
gems. It is extremely hard, and when cut 
and polished, shows a surprizing brilliancy 
and luster. They are found in Brazil, and 
obtained by washing the earth, raked out 
of a small stream called Mielho Verde. The 
sapphire is remarkable for its soft blue color. 
The topaz for its transparent yellow. The 
emerald for its dark green. The amethist 
for its rich purple. The ruby for its varied 
red. Cornelians are commonly some shade 
of red. They take their name frpm cornel, 
a cherry, because when polished, as we usu- 



106 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

ally see thein, in small round masses, they 
resemble cherries.* 

9. Ancient Customs, 
The attachment of Country people to 
ancient customs is very remarkable. When 
these customs stand recommended by utili- 
ty as well as antiquity, it would be wrong 
to lay them aside But there are some 
which put morality to the blush, and others 
at which common sense recoils; and these 
are kept up because our grandmothers did 
the same, and our neighbors follow the 
example ! Thus silly and wicked customs 
become entailed upon mankind, because 
superstition and ignorance introduced, and 
folly retains them. 

10. Reviewing Boohs. 

While authors are employed in writing 
books for fame, for profit, or for enlightening 
the public, reviewers are no less busy in 
analyzing! those already printed. In the 
early practice of reviewing, the character 
of a book was summed up in a few words, 
and the reader understood at once, whether 
a new book deserved praise or censure. 
By the critical analysis now in use, review- 
ing is become an extensive source of book- 
making; and many readers think that by 
an enlarged perusal of these periodical 

* See the Appendix. t Analize, Bailey, 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 107 

works, they obtain a general acquaintance 
with literature and science. About fifty 
years ago, Dr. Kenrick was bold enough to 
put his name to the London Review ; but 
modern critics are anonymous. 

11. Eclipses. 

An eclipse of the sun is occasioned by 
the passage of the moon between the earth 
and the sun, and can never happen except 
at the time of new moon ; for then only can 
they be in the situation to cause an eclipse 
of the sun. In an eclipse of the moon, the 
earth is between the moon and the sun ; 
and therefore the moon passes through the 
earth's shadow, and is then deprived of the 
sun's light by the interposition of the earth's 
dark body between them. This can happen 
only at the time of full moon. When the 
centers of the sun, moon, and earth are in a 
line, the eclipse must be total. 

12. Advertisements. 

The advertisements of tradespeople and 
others in the newspapers, sometimes afford 
us amusement in a vacant hour ; while the 
anxiety of the brazier to sound the praise of 
his goods, of the glazier to return thanks for 
past favors, and of the grazier to vary the 
market price of cattle, shows the hopes and 
wishes of the advertisers. But we gaze 
upon the addresses of advertising quacks, 
with horror and amazement, when we con- 



108 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

sider the great success of their impositions ; 
and can hardly avoid expressing a wish to 
see them erazed from the pages of every 
public print in the country. 

13. Lying. 

When a man swears to the truth of his 
tale, he tacitly acknowledges that his bare 
word does not deserve credit. A swearer 
will lie, and a liar is not to believed even 
upon his oath ; nor is he believed when he 
happens to speak the truth. This is a hard 
saying, but it does not require an oath to 
prove the truth of it. 

14. Respectability of Trades. 
There is a singular inconsistency display- 
ed in the ideal respectability and contempt 
attached to different trades. If we notice a 
few of the artizans concerned in the clothing 
of our bodies only, we shall find that some 
of those who contribute most to our comfort 
and necessities are thrown into the shade ; 
and, like a blade of grass, laid down and ex- 
posed to the sun, they wither and fade at 
the approach of others of far less moment, 
but who are of greater fame and better 
paid. From what a height does the jeweler* 
look down upon his shoemaker, while the 
son of St. Crispin, afraid to raise his eyes, 
trembles as he measures the foot of the 

* Jeweler, Perry and Webster. 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 109 

great man who has condescended to employ 
him ! Perhaps we cannot exhibit a greater 
anomaly in this line, than is furnished by 
the unjustly despised tailor. He, who clothes 
the lords of the creation, is degraded below 
his rank in society, for no reason known by 
any member of it, unless it is to increase 
the honors and distinctions of dressmakers 
and milliners, who might otherwise be con- 
sidered a step lower than their masculine 
competitor for fashionable fame. 

15. Singularity. 

Some persons of very moderate parts 
affect singularity as a passport to fame. 
Others scruple not to continue in the regular 
habits of vice and folly, that they may not 
be thought singular. The former court 
singularity for the purpose of making them- 
selves conspicuous : the latter shrink from 
the practice of virtue and benevolence, to 
avoid the observation of their companions. 
Thus both parties procede, till the delusions 
of vanity, and the shame of doing good, are 
set in their proper light, by the reasonings of 
an enfeebled constitution, or the strong ar- 
guments of a death-bed. 

1 6. Circumcision, Baptism, Catechizing, and 
Canonization. 

The rites of circumcision, baptism, and 
canonization are not of equal antiquity. 
The Patriarch Abraham was the first who 



110 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

was circumcised, and this was nearly nine- 
teen hundred years before the birth of 
Christ. John the Baptist began his minis- 
try about thirty years after the birth of 
Christ, when our Lord himself, and great 
multitudes of people were baptized by him 
in the river Jordan. It is not certain at 
what period catechisms were introduced, nor 
who were the first to catechize* the children 
of the primitive Christians. Canonization 
has been practised by the Catholics since 
the tenth century, and many saints have 
thereby been added to the Roman calendar.t 
Fewer, however, have been canonized of 
late than formerly. 

17. The Rook. 

A boy, whose curiosity and attention to 
the Wonders of nature were greater than 
those of some older persons, observed a rook 
one day busily employed in digging a hole 
in the ground with its beak, and filling it up 
again. Anxious to know what it was doing, 
he approached the place, and disturbed the 
bird before it had finished its work, which it 
seemed to leave with reluctance. On ex- 
amination it was found that the rook had 
dug a conical hole in the ground, deposited 
an acorn in the bottom, and covered it up. 

* Catechize. The derivation from the Greek requires 
z ? and as this obviates an anomaly, it is to be preferred. 

f Calender, Martin. 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. Ill 

The earth had been replaced with the 
greatest care, and most of the grass rooted 
up in making the hole, was planted at the 
top in the most exact manner : so that had 
it been suffered to complete its operation, 
no traces of the work of this winged planter 
of forests would have been visible. 

1 8. Present and Future. 

There are two sorts of people in the 
world ; one is determined to enjoy the good 
things of life at the present moment; the 
other is content to wait till a future oppor- 
tunity. The difference is this ; — the former 
are frequently overtaken by declining years, 
when all the good things are spent, and 
when little remains but the honors of the 
gout, or the approach of want; while the 
latter arrive at the same period of life with 
constitutions unimpaired by excess, and the 
prospect of that plenty which a life of tem- 
perance and economy has provided for 
them. 

19. Gold. 

Gold is the most perfect of all metals. 
Tho very soft and ductile, it neither wastes 
in the fire, nor rusts by exposure to the air, 
like other metals. It is nearly three times 
as heavy as iron, and of four thousand times 
its value. The alchimists* of old labored 

* See the Appendix. 



112 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

hard to transmute the other metals into gold, 
and by this means to enrich themselves, 
without considering that its value would be 
diminished in proportion as it became plen- 
tiful. Happily they did not succede ; and 
this beautiful metal has not been degraded 
by becoming too common. When it orna- 
ments the palaces of the great, or is used in 
exchange for the necessaries of life, it is pro- 
perly applied ; but it would make bad files, 
hammers, and edge tools; and a golden 
plow would be both unserviceable* and un- 
wieldy. 

20. The Storm of 1103. 
The most dreadful storm on record is 
that of Nov. 27, 1703, which was general 
throughout Europe. It is said that in Lon- 
don and the neighborhood, eight hundred 
dwelling houses, and two thousand stacks of 
chimnies were blown down ; and the lead of 
one hundred churches rolled up, and thrown 
to great distances. The number of trees 
torn up by the roots was incalculable; and 
not fewer than fifteen thousand sheep were 
driven from an extensive plain on the banks 
of the Severn, into that river, and drowned. 
Three hundred ships were completely de- 
stroyed; among which were fifteen of the 
royal navy, containing two thousand seamen. 
The total loss of property was computed at 
four millions of pounds sterling! 

* See Note on Letter 33, 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 113 

21. The Steam Engine. 

The: power of steam engines is described 
by comparing it with the strength of horses ; 
thus, an engine of sixty horse power is 
deemed of equal force with a team of sixty 
horses. The steam is raised by a large 
boiler, passes into the cylinder, raises the 
piston, and is, by the injection of a stream of 
cold water, condensed or converted again 
into its original element, when the piston 
falls. By these alternate changes of water 
into steam, and of steam into water, a beam 
at the top is made to vibrate like that of a 
balance, and thus gives motion to various 
kinds of machinery; some parts of which, 
being in apartments at a considerable dis- 
tance, seem to move of their own accord. 

22. Examine both Sides of the Question, 

Two men in an inn were one day dispu- 
ting very warmly about an inscription on 
the obelisk in Castle Howard Park. One 
said it was Latin ; the other was positive 
that it was in English. Both declared that 
they had read it; and no assertion of one, 
however positive, was sufficient to convince 
the other that he was wrong. From words 
they would probably have proceded to 
blows, had not a stranger who sat near, said 
they were both right ! This seemed impos- 
sible ; and the angry disputants were not 
more dissatisfied with each other, than with 
the stranger, who, smiling at their rage, 
k2 



114 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

calmly advised them never to decide on a 
question without examining both sides of it; 
adding, that if they had used this caution in 
the present case, they would have known 
that the obelisk contains a Latin inscription 
on the one side, and an English one on the 
other. 

23. New Wine and Old Bottles. 

The parable of the new wine and old 
bottles in the ninth chapter of St. Matthew's 
gospel, is not altogether intelligible to 
readers who imagine that the bottles of 
those days were made of glass, a material 
upon which age has no effect. But the dif- 
ficulty vanishes when we learn that glass was 
the discovery of a later period ; and that the 
bottles of the ancients were of leather; 
which when hard and dry with age, were 
not proof against the fermentation of new 
wine ; tho they might contain that which 
was old without bursting. 

24. Mustard. 

It would puzzle a philosopher to account 
for the obliquity of taste which first brought 
this article into use as a condiment to our 
food. To common palates, unaccustomed to 
it, mustard is very acrid and disagreeable ; 
and it requires a considerable degree of 
resolution and perseverance to reconcile the 
taste to it. But imitation recommends, and 
habit produces a relish for that pungency 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 115 

and bitterness, which, tho they would dis- 
tort every muscle in the face of an apothe- 
cary's patient, give sensations of the most 
pleasurable piquancy to the appetite of the 
confirmed epicure. 

In a way perfectly analogous, we may 
trace the progress of innocence to the habits 
of vice. We shall find, that, in general, 
youth uncontaminated, have no natural re- 
lish for immorality; till, seduced by exam- 
ple, they break through the restraints of 
virtue; and the mind becomes so depraved 
by repetition, as to look with complacency 
upon practices which formerly it contem- 
plated with disgust. 

25. Antediluvian Forests, 

In the early ages of the world, and while 
the number of its inhabitants was compara- 
tively small, much of it was covered with 
forests. This is shown by the great quan- 
tities of wood discovered in bogs and other 
situations under the surface of the earth. 
Trees, leaves, and fruit, particularly that of 
the hazel, are often found at considerable 
depths, where they have probably lain ever 
since the deluge. Admitting this to be the 
case, it is easy to infer that the flood hap- 
pened in autumn, when those fruits were ripe; 
and that the trees had been torn up by the 
torrents of water, and carried into hollow 
places, where they became buried under the 
vast beds of earthy matter brought over 



116 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

them by the motion of the water, when re- 
tiring from the Jand into the sea. 

26. Velocity of the J find. 

The velocity of the wind is sometimes 
very great. When Monsier Garnerin as- 
cended in his balloon on the 30th of June, 
1802, he was carried from Ranelagh Gar- 
dens near London, the place of his ascent, 
to the sea side, about four miles from Col- 
chester in Essex, in three quarters of an 
hour, notwithstanding the distance is about 
sixty miles. The wind was strong, tho not 
impetuous, and yet its celerity must have 
been at the rate of eighty miles an hour. 

27. Galls. 

Galls are not a fruit, hut an excrescence 
produced by a species of oak in the East. 
A small winged insect perforates the under 
side of the leaf, and deposits an egg in the 
wound. The sap oozes out, and soon forms 
a ball in which the egg is enveloped, and 
while the ball increases in size, the egg with- 
in changes first to a worm, and afterwards 
to a fly. Similar excrescences may be found 
on the leaves of our oaks, but they are of a 
much smaller size than those of Aleppo, and 
the south of Europe. Galls are used in dy- 
ing, tanning, and in making black ink. 

28. The Moon. 
Any thing new, however trifling in its 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 117 

nature, attracts our attention. Curiosity is 
readily excited to see and examine a new 
house, a new fashion, or a new invention ; 
but a new moon, as it is called, may appear 
monthly without a single inquiry into the 
cause of the phenomenon. And yet how in- 
finitely inferior are all the inventions of man 
to the works of the Great Architect of the 
universe, as displayed in this luminary only. 

29. Coal* 

It is thought by geologists that the im- 
mense beds of coal within the earth have 
been produced by the remains of the forests 
of the antediluvian world; and that by a kind 
of bituminous fermentation the wood has 
been transmuted into coal. There is some- 
thing in this hypothesis so consistent with 
the omniscience of the Deity, that it is not 
easy to withhold our assent to it. That the 
superfluous produce of the earth before the 
flood was, by that event, buried in its bowels, 
and preserved as in a storehouse, till the 
multiplied wants of man required it, is a 
reflection that must increase our admiration 
of the infinite wisdom of that Being who 
created and governs the world. 

30. Influence of Habit. 

It has been said that man is a bundle of 
habits, and when we consider how much 

* Cole, Sir Thomas Mors* 



118 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

his words, thoughts, and actions are in- 
fluenced by them, we shall not feel inclined 
to dispute the assertion. Yet we cannot 
deny that this bundle is frequently composed 
of materials of the most heterogeneous na- 
ture, and that it is no uncommon thing for 
those that are good to wear out, or to give 
way to others of a worse quality ; and thus 
the man of good habits in early life, some- 
times becomes a man of evil ones, at a period 
when the former ought to have ripened into 
wisdom and virtue. But wisdom and virtue 
are soon extinguished by vicious habits, and 
even good ones (if any are left) are thrust 
out to make way for those which are no 
sooner admitted, than they begin to increase 
and multiply. 

31. Purity of Sea Water. 

The saltness of the sea seems to be the 
means devised by the Creator for preserving 
it pure. In the torrid zone, where, from 
excess of heat, the danger ofputrifaction* is 
greatest, the sea water contains most salt ; 
in the temperate zones the saltness diminish- 
es ; and near the poles the water is compa- 
ratively fresh. But it is believed that salt 
alone would not be sufficient, and that mo- 
tion also is necessary. Hence we may see 

* Putrid, putrify, putrifaction ; petrify, petrifaction j 
stupid, stupify,stupifaction,&c. All the words of this form 
have properly i before fy and faction. See page 98 and 
99. 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 119 

the use of winds, tides, and currents in assist- 
ing to prevent that putrifaction, which, as Sir 
Robert Hawkins says, would corrupt all the 
world. 

32. Drunkenness. 

Drunkenness and cancers are seldom 
cured. If checked for a time, they break 
out again with renewed force, and death at 
length puts a stop to their career. A liking 
for liquor increases with the practice of in- 
dulging in it; and so long as the means of 
procuring it are at hand, and the ability to 
take it in excess continues, the drunkard 
procedes in his course ; and it is perhaps not 
too much to acknowledge, that something 
more than human is required to arrest his 
progress, and to root out that propensity 
which is at once his delight and his shame. 

33. Trade no Degradation. 

It is very common for persons whose rank 
places them above the toils of business, to 
despise those who are engaged in it ; when 
a slight inspection of their own pedigree 
might perhaps enable them to trace their 
present elevation to the fortunate specula- 
tions of some plodding alderman, the scien- 
tific researches of an industrious manufac- 
turer, or the ingenious inventions of a com- 
mon mechanic. And yet such is the perver- 
sion of judgment among men, that the very 
means which raised them to eminence be- 



120 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

comes the object of their derision; and the 
prodigal squanderer of a patrimonyis honor- 
ed, while the memory of the creator of it is 
consigned to ignominy, because he had been 
a man of business ! 

34. Coffee. 

The coffee tree was brought into Europe 
from Arabia, of which country it is a native. 
It grows to the height of twelve feet, and 
produces a berry containing two seeds; 
these, when properly prepared by roasting, 
constitute the coffee usually sold in the 
shops. As an article of food, coffee contains 
little nutriment; and, in this respect, it seems 
upon an equality with tea, "both being 
rather the vehicles of nourishment than nu- 
tritious of themselves. The most that can 
be expected from them in general is, that 
they are grateful, and very little injurious." 
In its medical character, coffee does not rise 
so high as some other articles of eastern 
produce; yet we are told that persons afflict- 
ed with asthma have experienced great re- 
lief, and even a cure by drinking strong 
coffee. The head-ake too, is frequently re- 
lieved by a cup of coffee; and drowsiness 
may be prevented by the same means. 

35. Literary Vanity. 

There are coxcombs in literature as well 
as in dress. The acquirements of the sound 
scholar, like the dress of the man of sense, 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 121 

recommend themselves to the rational part 
of mankind for their utility ; but utility is 
not the object of the would-be-learned fop. 
He studies that he may be admired ; and 
for this end he affects to despise what is 
useful, because it is common and known to 
others ; and becomes a shining professor of 
what no one pretends to but himself. In 
this way he procures the applause of the 
many, who always admire what they do not 
understand ; and obtains the contempt of 
the few, who can justly estimate the value 
of his pretensions to literary fame. 

36. The Use of Mountains. 
Mountains and hills are of great impor- 
tance in the economy of nature, and display 
the infinite wisdom of the Great Architect 
of the universe. The clouds, which consist 
of watery exhalations from the sea and land, 
after floating some time in the atmosphere, 
are attracted by the mountains, upon which 
they descend in rain. This sinks down- 
wards, and after being collected into reser- 
voirs, breaks out on their sides in springs, 
which by uniting, form brooks and rivers. 
Thus the hills are storehouses for water, 
whence we are supplied with that most 
valuable fluid; while the superabundant 
streams, when collected into rivers, not only 
water countries or districts where springs 
do not abound, but become useful for the 
purposes of navigation, in the conveyance 
l 



122 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

of the necessaries of life from one place to 
another. 

37. Indolence. 

To the young student there is hardly a 
greater enemy than indolence. It matters 
not what are his abilities, if he will not ex- 
ercise them ; nor who is his preceptor, when 
he will not take the trouble of learning. 
However bright his parts, they grow rusty 
through the want of use ; and force is not 
always successful in attempting to bring 
them into action. Perhaps the best remedy 
for this disease is extra labor ; and when this 
can be supplied as a consequence arising out 
of the complaint, it seldom fails in effecting 
a cure. 

38. Smoking. 

This is a more expensive habit than some 
people are aware of. A professed smoker 
will consume an ounce of tobacco daily; 
this, at fourpence per ounce, is two shillings 
and fourpence a week, or six pounds, one 
shilling and four pence a year. But this is 
not the whole cost. If we may believe Dr. 
Franklin, time is worth money, and hence it 
would not be difficult to show that the time 
spent in smoking a pipe is, or ought to be, 
worth as much as the tobacco ; and therefore 
the expense becomes doubled. This is the 
case as it stands with dry smokers. There 
are some, however, who improve upon this 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 123 

practice, by washing down the smoke with a 
glass of beer once or twice a day, which will 
Jiot cost less than the tobacco ; so that the 
general account will stand thus. 

£. s. d. 

Tobacco, 6 14 

Time, . . 6 14 

Beer, .614 

Total 18 4 



If any one should think this calculation 
too high, he must be told that neither the 
expense of pipes, nor the extra consumption 
of tobacco, beer, and time, on account of 
social intercourse, is included in it. 

39. Opium, 

The opium of commerce is prepared from 
the papaver somniferum, or white poppy. It 
is obtained by making incisions in the cap- 
sules every evening, and in the morning the 
sap, which has distilled from the wound, 
and become thickened, is scraped off, work- 
ed by hand in the sunshine, and formed into 
cakes of about four pounds each. Six hun- 
dred thousand pounds are said to be annu- 
ally exported from the Ganges alone. Opium 
allays pain, lightens sorrow, diffuses a pleas- 
ing languor over the frame, and gives unusual 
serenity to the mind, dispelling every ap- 
prehension of sublunary evil, and steeping 
it in scenes of elysium. But it is only for a 
time, and the charm being dissolved, the 



124 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PA.RT V. 

soul awakes from its trance only to experi- 
ence aggravated wo, in those who have 
fallen into the habit of using this drug. If 
there is on earth a misery that may be sup- 
posed to approach to the sufferings of future 
punishment, it is the state of the opium eater, 
after the action of his dose has subsided, — 
unhappy and trembling, his head confused, 
and his stomach sick, remorse at his heart, 
but his resolution too feeble to attempt a 
reformation; feeling as an outcast from every 
thing that is good or great, he returns des- 
pairing to a repetition of his dose, and every 
repetition adds confirmation to his evil habit. 
His constitution becomes exhausted in the 
course of a few years ; he grows prematurely 
old, and dies of palsy, dropsy, or some dis- 
ease as fatal ; he dies, having by his own 
weakness and imprudence lived a life of 
wretchedness in this world, and looking for- 
ward at his exit, to the darkest scenes of 
misery in the next. How often does man 
turn the greatest blessings into the greatest 
curse ! 

40. Sugar. 

The sugar cane is said to be a native of 
Africa, the southern parts of Asia, and also 
of the West Indies, where its cultivation is 
carried on to a vast extent. Sugar is made 
by mixing the juce of the cane with a due 
proportion of lime, or potash, and then boil- 
ing it till it crystalizes. After separating 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 125 

the molasses or uncrystalized part, the rest 
(which is raw sugar) is sent into Europe, to 
be refined or made into loaf or lump sugar. 
Much has been said and written on the 
properties of sugar. — The physicians of the 
sixteenth century recommended it as whole- 
some; those of the seventeenth condemned 
it; but the experience of the moderns has 
enabled them to bear testimony to its virtues 
in a medical point of view ; and to prove that 
as a part of diet, it is highly nutritious. 

41. Antidiluvian Remains, 

In July, 1821, a cavern of considerable 
extent was discovered in a limestone rock 
in Kirkdale near Kirkby Moorside, York- 
shire. The bottom was strowed with bones 
and teeth imbedded in earth ; these were 
the remains of a variety of animals, many 
of which are now extinct in this part of the 
world. The authors of the " Geological 
Survey of the Yorkshire Coast," were of 
opinion that the bones had been floated in 
by the waters of the universal deluge ; and 
that the mouth of the cave had been warp- 
ed or stopped by the same cause. But 
Professor Buckland, in a most valuable and 
elaborate memoir on the subject, in the 
" Philosophical Transaction," (which has 
been honored with the Royal Society's 
gold medal,) has shown by reasoning which 
will not be easily controverted, that the 
cavern had been a den of hyenas previous 
l2 



126 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V« 



to the flood; and that the bones of their 
prey, with the hyenas themselves, had been 
intombed within it by the event. In either 
case, they must have been buried above four 
thousand years. 

42. Caoutchouc^ or Indian Rubber. 

This substance is the dried juce of a 
large tree in South America, which rises to 
the height of fifty or sixty feet. The 
caoutchouc is sent here in various forms, 
and frequently in the shape of bottles. 
These are made by covering a core or 
model of clay with the juce or sap of the 
tree, and repeating the operation by addi- 
tional coverings as the former become dry, 
till the bottle is of the thickness required ; 
and when dry, the core is moistened with 
water and picked out. In this manner the 
Indians make a kind of boots, which, from 
the peculiar nature of the gum, are remark- 
ably elastic. They use it also for candles and 
torches, which give a very dazzling light, 
without producing any smoke. — The caout- 
chouc is particularly serviceable to artists 
and writers, from its property of erazing the 
marks of black lead ; and from this property 
it seems to have acquired the name of In- 
dian Rubber.* 



* Five species of trees are known to produce caout- ; 
chouc, Haevia caoutchouc, Jatropha ela&tica, Ficus in- 
dica } Urceola elastica, Artocarpus integrifolia. 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 127 

43. Pepper. 

Black pepper is the berry or seed of a 
jointed shrubby plant, which sometimes 
climbs upon others, and sometimes creeps 
on the ground. In the latter state it sends 
out roots at every joint. In some parts of 
the East Indies it grows wild ; but in Java 
and Malabar it is much improved by cul- 
tivation. "White pepper," Dr. Thornton 
says, " is the fruit of the same plant, ga- 
thered after it is fully ripe, and freed of its 
external coat by maceration in water. It is 
smooth on the surface, and less pungent than 
the black pepper." Pepper is occasionally 
used in medicine, but the principal consump- 
tion of it is as a condiment in cookery. Ac- 
cording to the same physician, it has a warm 
and cordial effect upon the stomach, invigo- 
rating the powers of digestion, without in- 
flaming the blood. 

44. Mistaken Charity. 

Every parish in England is obliged, by 
the laws of the country, to maintain its own 
poor; and scarcely any circumstance can 
arise sufficient to authorize a person to ask 
charity elsewhere. These laws, which are 
founded in reason and justice, forbid our 
giving to strangers unknown, what is due 
to the necessities of our poor neighbors 
around us ; and if we were wise enough to 
yield implicit obedience to them in this 
respect, the cause of those disorderly habits, 



1 28 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

which are the result of vagrancy, would be 
removed ; for vagrancy will cease when we 
cease to encourage it by serving beggars. 
But this injunction, tho coupled with a 
penalty, is very generally disregarded by 
the ignorant and inconsiderate, who are not 
aware that under the mistaken idea of indul- 
ging their humane feelings in dispensing 
charity, they are contributing to the support 
of almost every vice of which human nature 
is capable. 



45. Vag 



rancy. 



This has long been an increasing evil in 
England, tho much has been done to check 
it in the metropolis. The Vagrant Offices 
recently established in large towns, bid fair 
to abate the nusance* in those places ; and a 
late act of Parliament contains provisions, 
which, if duly enforced, would go far to put 
down vagrancy altogether. Hitherto, how- 
ever, a numerous class of people have expe- 
rienced no relief. Banished from large 
towns, the vagrants infest the smaller country 
places more than ever; and partly from igno- 
rance of the law ; partly from charitable mo- 
tives, excited by the imposing tales of lying 
mendicants; and partly from personal fear, 
the unwary inhabitants seldom refuse their 
alms. Thus the system is kept up in spite of 
every endeavor to destroy it; and thus a 

* Nusance, Bailey , Martin, Ash, Webster, Blackstone, 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 129 

hord # of beggars is continued in the country, 
sufficient to employ the Vagrant Offices by 
their partial wanderings, and — should those 
offices relax in their exertions, — to deluge 
the very towns in which they are now so 
efficiently established. 

46. Industry. 

It requires no great knowledge of human 
nature to be convinced that man is formed 
for industry. His hands and his limbs are 
peculiarly and mechanically adapted to 
every kind of work; and the mind is capa- 
ble of directing them in all their operations. 
The mind can also work independently of 
the hands, and is so constructed, that our 
highest pleasures arise from its employment. 
This, one would imagine, must be such an in- 
citement to industry, both bodily and mental, 
as, in a great measure, to prevent the loss 
and misapplication of time. But it is not 
so; for what a waste of life do those suffer, 
who spend half their time in the arms of 
Morpheus ; whose evening devoirs are regu- 
larly paid at the shrine of Bacchus ; and 
whose meridian sun is superseded by the 
midnight lamp of revelry and dissipation ! 

47. Economy and Parsimony. 
Spendthrifts generally confound the ideas 
naturally attached to these words. With 
them, every prodigal is liberal, and every 

* fjord, Bailey. Rule 11, 



130 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

economist parsimonious. They do not un- 
derstand how a person can attend to the 
regular management of his affairs without 
being covetous ; nor how he can absent him- 
self from the haunts of pleasure without 
being penurious. They have no idea of the 
practice of adjusting expenditure to income, 
nor of laying by something for future exi- 
gencies and certain wants. These dull 
pursuits* are left to the economist, who with 
" Waste not, want not," for his motto, is per- 
haps privately feeding the poor out of his 
savings, and exercising a benevolent gene- 
rosity among his friends and neighbors. 

48. Tobacco. 

This narcotic and poisonous plant was 
first brought into Europe from the island of 
Tobago, by a Spaniard, about the year 1 560, 
in the early part of the reign of Queen Eli- 
zabeth. From Spain it was carried into 
France, and from thence into Great Britain, 
where it was cultivated previous to 1570. 
In 1624 (23d James I.) the cultivation of 
tobacco in England was prohibited, and in 
1685 a tax was imposed upon that imported 
into the country. From the increased con- 
sumption of the article, the duty upon it 
now yields a considerable revenue to the 
state ; and this is certainly its principal 
recommendation ; the others being mostly 

* See Note page 83, 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 131 

such as are always at hand when we would 
apologize for habits that are neither useful 
nor necessary ; and which in our reasoning 
moments we privately condemn. 

49. Prince Ruperfs Drop. 

This singular production is made at the 
glass houses, by dropping a small quantity of 
melted glass into a vessel of cold water. In 
its descent, the melted metal assumes a form 
somewhat like that of a tadpole, except that 
the tail is round and tapering till it becomes 
capillary and crooked. The head or thick 
end of the drop will sustain a smart stroke 
from a hammer without injury, while a very 
small part broken off its tail causes an im- 
mediate explosion of the whole drop, which 
is reduced to atoms in a moment ; and a 
considerable shock given to the hand that 
holds it. This phenomenon has not hitherto 
been satisfactorily explained, tho the ablest 
philosophers have attempted it. 

50. Generosity. 

This term is frequently misapplied when 
used as a contrast to selfish avarice. Simple, 
unsophisticated generosity is a scarce arti- 
cle ; the spurious kinds are very common. 
To give to those who have given to us, is the 
payment of a debt — this is not generosity. 
To give to those from whom we have ex- 
pectations, is bribery — and not generosity. 
To give to others what is of no use to our- 



132 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

selves, relieves us from an incumbrance, and 
may be charity, but not generosity. To give 
to others what is not useful to them, is waste, 
and not generosity. To give indiscriminate- 
ly, is prodigality, — it may be ostentation,but 
not generosity. To give what we cannot 
afford, may deceive the world — may deceive 
our creditors — but it is not generosity. 

51. Modern Romance. 

The historical plays of the inimitable 
Shakespear have been the means of extend- 
ing the knowledge of history among many 
persons who might otherwise have remained 
ignorant of it for life. These plays were 
generally historical facts versified and adapt- 
ed to scenic representation, with as little 
distortion as the nature of the composition 
admitted. Still, the poetic license did not 
enhance the value of history, but made it 
more palatable to the tastes of those who 
had no natural relish for it as a study. The 
refinements of modern taste have, however, 
rendered this " Help to History" a little stale; 
and we are now to be introduced to an ac- 
quaintance with Clio through the interven- 
tion of Modern Romance, and to toil through 
three or four volumes before we can acquire 
the information contained in half as many 
pages of real history ! This course of read- 
ing may bring pecuniary advantages to 
authors and booksellers, but it will not be 
profitable to the student. 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 133 

52. Printing. 

This art, which is very properly stiled 
" the nurse and preserver of the arts and 
sciences," was invented at Mentz in Germa- 
ny, and soon after brought into England, by 
William Caxton, whose workintitled "The 
Game at Chess," with the date 1474, was 
the first book printed in England. 

The matter of the first printed books, com- 
pared with that of those of the present day, 
and the contracted state of human knowledge 
previous to the introduction of printing, with 
the universal diffusion of it in our time, show 
the progress and effects of this sublime dis- 
covery in the last three hundred and fifty 
years ; a period in which millions have been 
raised from the grossest ignorance and bar- 
barity, to the contemplation of the most ab- 
struse sciences ; and in which the inspired 
writings have been disseminated to the most 
remote corners of the earth. 

53. Asbestos. 

This is the mineral of which the ancients 
made the incombustible cloth in which they 
wrapped the bodies of their dead previous 
to burning them. By this means the ashes 
of the dead body were preserved from mix- 
ing with other matter, and were inclosed 
in an urn or vessel of burnt clay. Many 
of these urns have been dug out of the 
small circular hills, called also barrows, 
and cairns, that are still to be seen in difte- 

M 



134 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

rent parts of England. The substance of 
which the cloth was made was that variety 
of asbestos called amianthus, consisting of 
fine white silky filaments or threads of a 
beautiful silvery white. This was mixed 
with flax or wool, and formed first into 
threads, and then into cloth in the loom ; 
after this the wool or flax was dissipated in 
the fire by burning the cloth, which remain- 
ed unhurt by the operation. 

54. Charcoal. 

Charcoal is made from the branches of 
oak, chesnut, pine, alder, and other kiuds of 
wood, by burning them in piles, and cover- 
ing them up, at a certain period of the pro- 
cess, in such a way as to check the combus- 
tion without putting out the fire ; the object 
being to char the wood only, and not to re- 
duce it to ashes. Charcoal is nearly incor- 
ruptible ; and on this account the bottoms 
of stakes and posts are frequently charred* 
before they are fixed in the ground, to make 
them durable. It is used in the composition 
of gunpowder, and in the purification of 
whale oil for burning in lamps. On many 
occasions it is used insted of pitcoal, but not 
without danger ; the vapor arising from it 
when burning being so extremely suffocating, 
that many lives have been lost from want of 
caution in this respect. Tho it does not 
yield a visible smoke, it should never be 
burnt but under a chimny.f 

* Charked, Ash — 
t Chimny, Bailey. Chiranies, Practice. Rule 9. 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 135 

55. The Andes. 
The Andes or Cordilleras, are the highest 
and most extensive chain of mountains on 
the globe. They run in a direction parallel 
to the South Pacific Ocean, and at no great 
distance from it; nearly the whole length 
of South America, from the Isthmus of 
Darien on the north, through Peru and 
Chili to the Straits of Magellan in the south, 
a distance of five thousand miles. The 
height of Cotopaxi, one of these mountains, 
has been measured, and found to be 6252 
yards, or something more than three miles 
and a half above the level of the sea. 
Mountains of such immense size naturally 
give rise to rivers of proportionate magni- 
tude, and accordingly, those of South Ameri- 
ca are the largest in the world. These are 
frequently swelled into the most dreadful 
torrents, from the sudden thawing of the 
snow with which the summits are covered, 
and which is suddenly melted by eruptions 
of vulcanoes, here very numerous. When 
these floods descend into the plains, they 
cause the greatest devastation, deluging the 
land, and involving the inhabitants and their 
flocks in one common ruin. 

56. Importance of rejecting Silent Letters. 

If the English language could be reform- 
ed, as the Spanish has been, it would be an 
incalculable benefit to the American nation. 
For, suppose our population to be ten mill- 



136 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 



ions, then one million will be schoolchildren, 
and each one must learn the same letter. 
Suppose itasilentand useless onelike ein the 
end of ransome or elicite, [Johnson] and sup- 
pose that the learning of this, costs one min- 
ute of time, then one million of minutes is 
almost two years of time lost in learning a 
useless letter. Suppose again that of 40,000 
words in our language, one eighth part 
should contain a useless letter; then 5000 
multiplied by two years, makes 10,000 
years, of time totally lost by one genera- 
tion of children, in learning that which 
a very small share of good sense and moral 
courage in our people would correct. 
But our population doubles in twenty-five 
years, therefore besides the 10,000 years 
lost to the present generation, 300,000 would 
be lost in the next century. How vast an 
amount of useful learning might be acquired 
in the time thus lost ! 

57. Progress of our Language. 
The English language is constantly im- 
proving, and will continue to improve. No 
human force can stop its silent, but efficient 
advances. Three centuries ago, almost 
every word ended in a final e. Sixe and fixe 
would not now be tolerated, but yet the e in 
hundreds of words is j ust as useless as in those 
two: for instance, all the words ending in ve 
pornounced short, have a useless e at the end> 
which is rejected in compounds, as, hav-ing* 



PART V.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 137 

Uv-ing, giv~ing, lov-ing. It is hoped that good 
sense will prevail over prejudice, and that we 
shall be permitted tospell as we ought. Could 
we be allowed only to spell the same word 
uniformly, in the same way, (and surely this 
seems a reasonable request,) we should 
secure a very great improvement. Why is 
it necessary to spell will and full with //, and 
then,when they are put together, to spell both 
of them differently? Why not reject the use- 
less final letters, and spell according to the 
primitive and correct orthography wil, ful, 
shal? Double I in the end of words is always 
useless, for even in all, one / only is sounded, 
and in the compounds, one / is always re- 
jected, as also, al-most, al-ways. 

58. A Specimen of English in the year 1560, 
from an old History of Queen Elizabeth, 

A Monstrous Fish. — The ninth of July, 
at sixe of the clocke at night, in the isle of 
Thanet besides Ramesgate in the parish of 
Saint Peter vnder the clift, a monstrous fish 
or whale of the sea did shoot himselfe on 
shore, where for want of water, beating him- 
selfe on the sands, he died about sixe of the 
clocke in the next morning, before which 
time he rored, and was heard more then a 
mile on the land. The length of this fish 
was two and twentie yards, the neather iaw 
twelue foote the opening, one of his eyes be- 
ing taken out of his head, was more then sixe 
horses in a cart could draw, a man stood vp- 
m2 



138 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART V. 

right in the place from whence the eye was 
taken, the thicknesse from the backe where- 
on he lay, to the top of his belly (which was 
vpward) was fourteene foote, his taile of the 
same breadth, betweene his eyes twelue 
foote, three men stood vpright in his mouth, 
some of the ribs were sixteene foot long, his 
toung was fifteene foot long, his liuer two 
cart loade, into his nostrils any man might 
haue crept : the oile being boyled out of the 
head was parmacetie, the oile of his body 
was whitish, and sweet of tast. 

59. Procrastination, 
" Procrastination is the thief of time." 
How often do we hear these words re- 
peated, and how seldom do we profit by 
them ! Life is short ; and yet we do not 
scruple to waste the time of which it con- 
sists, in neglecting to employ it properly. 
It is true, we propose to change our system 
hereafter; and to atone for every delay, 
when we are a little older, and when our 
engagements with the world, or attachments 
to its pleasures, press us less closely; but 
the convenient opportunity does not arrive, 
and we wait for its appearance. Thus man 
goes on from day to day, and from year to 
year, making resolutions to " redeem the 
time," and fulfils them by new ones, to be 
superseded by others in the same manner. 
Thus he 

" Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve; 
(t In all the magnanimity of thought 
« Resolves, and re-resolves ; then dies the same." 

Young. 



139 



PART VI. 

Exercises in the Form of Letters, on Orthogra* 
phical and other Subjects. 

letter i. 

Dear James, York, May 7, 1 322. 

From the inquiries in your last letter, 
I find you are desirous of improving your- 
self in English Grammar, and particularly 
in Orthography. This is a proper and 
necessary resolution, as your letter exhibits 
some proofs of a want of attention to the 
subject. — The best way to become a correct 
speller is to write down sentences or passa- 
ges from books as they are read or dictated 
to you by another person, not rapidly, but 
by a few words at a time ; and when this is 
done, your errors should be marked, and 
then corrected and copied into a book kept 
for the purpose, that they may be committed 
to memory the first opportunity. A page 
of these words should, at a future time, be 
dictated to you, and, if no errors are com- 
mitted, you have done with that page ; if 
otherwise, it must be learned by heart, and 
dictated to you again the second or third 
time, till you do it correctly. I intend to 
write again on this subject, and am, in the 
mean time, 

Your sincere friend, 

Theophilus Wright. 



140 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART XL 

LETTER 2. 

Dear J ames, York, May 1 6, 1 822. 

My last letter in answer to yours on the 
means of improvement in spelling, described 
the practice of Dictating as the best method 
of accomplishing your purpose. I will now 
resume the subject, under the idea that you 
are as eager to pursue it, as I am to assist you. 
If you wish to become a correct writer, as 
well as a correct speller, (for there are other 
requisits besides that of forming words,) the 
person who dictates to you must mention 
the different stops and marks as heprocedes; 
the names and characters of these, with the 
use of capitals, and various other matters, 
you must learn from a good English grammar, 
without the study of which, your endeavors 
to acquire a proper knowledge of this and 
the other parts of grammar, will be in vain. 
The subject at large is too extensive for a 
letter, but should you meet with any difficul- 
ties, do not hesitate to mention them, that I 
may enjoy the pleasure of being useful to 
you, for I am, dear James, 

Most sincerely yours, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 3. 

Dear James, York, May 30, 1822. 

When you have made some progress in 

grammar, and have grown expert at dictating 



part vl] exercises for dictating. 141 

in the usual way, you may ask some person 
to read to you, in a slow and deliberate 
manner, a short anecdote or tale, or passage 
from history, and after he has done, you 
may write down as much of it as you can 
recollect. Repeat this kind of exercise, with 
various passages, till your copies agree with 
the originals, or nearly so. This practice 
will strengthen your memory, and enable 
you to relate a story, or the particulars of 
an incident, either in conversation or on 
paper, with so much accuracy as to secure 
you the attention of your hearers or readers. 
If no one is at hand to dictate it, you may 
read the passage yourself, and then, after 
putting the book aside, procede to the wri- 
ting of it from memory, as above described, 
I remain, affectionately yours, 

Theophilus Wright, 



LETTER 4. 

Dear James, York, Sept. 4, 1822. 

It is so long since the date of my last 
letter that I presume you have, ere this, be- 
come pretty well acquainted with the rules 
of your grammar; that etymology, syntax, 
and prosody are as familiar to you as ortho- 
graphy ; and that your memory has been 
sufficiently strengthened by dictating in the 
manner pointed out in my last. I will now, 
therefore, recommend another kind of dicta- 
ting, to exercise your understanding, as the 



142 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

last did your memory. In this case, whe- 
ther the piece is read to you by another 
person, or perused by yourself, you must, 
insted of writing down the identical words 
of the original passage, (as in the exercises 
of memory,) express the sense and meaning 
of it in your own language. When it is finish- 
ed, you may compare your copy with the 
sense of the original, and judge of your suc- 
cess. This practice, if persevered in, will im- 
prove your compositiens, and qualify you to 
speak and write with fluency and elegance. 
That complete success may be the result 
of your endeavors, is my ardent wish. 
Your cordial friend, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 5. 

Dear Son, Bawtry, Jan. 17, 1822. 

I found some difficulty in reading your 
last letter, and the vexation arising from 
spending so much time over it, was not 
abated by the hacknied plea of " haste.*' 
Such an apology may be a convenient one to 
a bad writer; but a good penman (as you are) 
is always inexcusable whenever he writes 
illegibly. Whatever may be thought to the 
contrary, there is really no saving of time in 
an unintelligible scrawl ; it is the effect of 
custom, and a better custom would have pro- 
duced better writing in less time. But if, for 
the sake of argument, we admit the plea of 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 143 

saving time as an excuse for writing a scrawl- 
ing letter, we cannot deny that much more 
may be lost in deciphering a scrawling an- 
swer to it. There is, however, one case in 
which this mode of writing is really useful; 
that is, when it serves as a cloke* to conceal 
bad spelling; and there is reason to believe 
that this is the true, tho disguised cause of 
its being fashionable. 

Let me beg of you to write no more "in 
haste." 

Your affectionate father, 

Edwin Sampson. 



LETTER 6. 

Dear James, York, Oct. 7, 1 822. 

It affords me much pleasure to find 
that you are acquiring a taste for analyzing 
words. You remark that villain and its de- 
rivatives villeinage, villanous, villany, &c. do not 
follow the same rule in spelling; and that 
this irregularity, for which you can see no 
necessity, creates a difficulty that might have 
been avoided by forming the derivatives 
after the primitive villain. — Analogy, or " the 
agreement of several words in one common 
mode," has already decided as you have 
done, and decided rightly; but the taste for 
foreign etymologies has in this, as in many 
other instances, substituted intricacy for sim- 

* Rule 9th. 



144 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [p ART VI. 

plicity, and confusion for analogy. This is 
not the only difficulty of the kind that you 
will have to encounter in your progress ; and 
it will call for your strictest attention to sur- 
mount them; for you will remember that 
where rules fail, memory must supply the 
deficiency. This error may be corrected 
by writing v, i$ /, /, a, w, which wants nothing 
but authority to make it right. 
I am, dear James, 

Yours very truly, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 7. 

Bradford, Wilts. Mar. 21, 1822. 

Dear Brother, 

I am delighted with the idea of your 
resolution to study Geology, and shall reck- 
on upon your company in the vacation, when 
we shall ramble over hills and vallies, clam- 
bering upon rocks, and exploring caverns, in 
search of those curiosities of nature which 
neither the divine nor the philosopher can 
contemplate with indifference. This study 
will be an additional source of pleasure to 
you. It will enlarge your ideas by making 
you acquainted with new things, and by in- 
troducing a new language to which you 
would otherwise have been a stranger; for 
you must observe that every science has a 
language of its own ; that is, it employs words 



PART YJ,] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 145 

and terms peculiar to itself, many of which 
being derived from the learned languages, 
your Latin and Greek will be called into 
service, and be found not only useful, but 
highly entertaining. 

Go on, my dear George, and rest assured 
of my best wishes. 

Your affectionate brother, 

Adrian Tooke. 



LETTER 8. 



Richard Bentley sends his respectful 
compliments to Master Howard, and re- 
quests the favor of his company on Friday 
afternoon, to join a select party of friends, 
in a walk to seethe ruins of Rivaulx Abbey,* 
with the granduref of which, and the beauty 
of the surrounding scenery, he believes they 
will be highly delighted. 

R. B. makes use of the present oppor- 
tunity to comply with Master Howard's 
injunction, and informs him accordingly, 
that his last letter contained a slip of the pen, 
which, tho of little moment, is still an error, 
and deserves that attention which all who 
are desirous of writing correctly, must give 
to their compositions. The mistake was in 
using the word relic, signifying that which 
remains, for relict, a widow. 

Helmsley, Tuesday morning. 

* Abby, D. C. t Grandure, Martin. 



146 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

LETTER 9. 

York, Nov. 12, 1822. 
Your letters, my dear James, give me 
great pleasure, as they afford convincing 
proofs of your regular advancement in 
grammatical knowledge. I have no doubt 
of your proficiency being a cause of satisfac- 
tion to yourself also, nor of the increase of 
that satisfaction as you procede. The more 
we become acquainted with any science the 
better we like it : our views expand, and ob- 
stacles which at first appeared insurmount- 
able, dwindle to insignificance as we ap- 
proach them. It is not that the rudiments 
of knowledge contain the greatest difficul- 
ties, but that our resources for overcoming 
them are then the most scanty, which re- 
tards our progress in a new study, and ren- 
ders it dry and irksome. I mention this, that 
you may be encouraged to go on with spirit 
in whatever you undertake to learn, after 
satisfying yourself that your new acquisition 
will repay your time and labor. Remember 
that there is no art so hard to learn, no 
science so abstruse, as not to be within the 
reach of a fixed resolution to acquire it. 
I am yours, &c. 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 10. 

Dear Sister, Denbigh, Jan. 24, 1 823. 

You observe that the word stile is dif- 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 147 

ferently spelt, by different authors, some 
having i and some y. The same happens in 
many other words, such as, tiger, tyger, cider, 
cyder, cist, encysted, cipher, cypher, in all of which 
the i is better than y. Y was formerly 
used abundantly in spelling, but has, in the 
progress of the language, been replaced by 
its substitute z,which being shorter and easier 
to write, should always be preferred in the 
middle of words; andy should be preferred 
to i in the end of words, as demy, anthropopha- 
gy, &c. which are found in this form in Chal- 
mers's Dictionary. Some have supposed 
that there is a difference between stile and 
style, the former denoting the steps into a 
field, and the latter a manner of writing. 
Many good authors do not observe this dis- 
tinction, and several dictionaries expressly 
prefer the i in stile, a manner of writing, 
which comes from stilus or stylus, Lat. an iron 
pen. The Latin word like the English is 
variable, as many others are, but by the 
help of your 6th Rule, you will always have 
a guide to the most modern, correct, and 
convenient form. I hope you will attend to 
these rules with care, as they have been 
deduced from the great body of the lan- 
guage, and are a general guide to the spell- 
ing of the numerous words, that are found in 
several forms in even the best authors. 
Your truly affectionate brother, 

Philip Julius West. 



148 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 
LETTER 11. 

Leicester, Jan. 26, 1823. 
Your letter, my dear Frank, is just re- 
ceived, and jour sisters are laughing at the 
history ofyour blunders at Melton. Richard 
is quite angry with you, and says it is well 
he was at home, as he should have been 
entirely out of countenance, by the thought- 
less impropriety ofyour conduct in the com- 
pany of strangers. You say that one of the 
young gentlemen was so unpolite as to tease 
you ; but was it not to be expected that your 
own forgetfulness of the rules of good breed- 
ing should induce him to indulge in liberties 
that he would not have taken with one of 
more correct behavior ? 

Another blunder, which you have not 
mentioned, is displayed in the letter. — You 
have written the word tease* with a #, and I 
should not have been surprized, if you had 
adopted the still worse spelling of some of 
our female novel writers, /, e, e, z, e ; because 
there is no end to the mistakes of those who 
write and speak without thinking. 

Your mother unites in the most ardent 



* Tease, please, ease, are analogous, but Walker writes 
teaze under plague, and teazing under vexation and vexa- 
tious. This contradiction is faithfully copied from John- 
son, and Johnson copied from Bailey and Martin, who 
preferred the z in teaze. So little attention have authors 
paid to consistency in their works ! Teaze is the better 
spelling according to Rule 15. This censure would have 
been avoided, had the writer looked a little further. 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 149 

wishes for jour reformation, with, my dear 
Frank, 

Your affectionate father, 

Vincent Thompson. 



LETTER 12. 

Dear James, York, April 17, 1823. 

I received yours of the 12th inst. and 
think you do wisely in spending an hour 
every morning in the garden. This will have 
a tendency to improve your health and in- 
vigorate your mind. But to enjoy these 
benefits in greater perfection,! would recom- 
mend the study of botany. This will excite 
an interest in the knowledge of plants with 
which you are yet unacquainted, and afford 
a pleasure in your walks that you little ex- 
pect. You will never want company while 
traversing the fields, for in every plant and 
flower that you stop to notice, you will re- 
cognize an old acquaintance, or discover a 
stranger whose name and family will become 
the object of your most sedulous inquiries. 

Pray favor me with your sentiments on 
this subject; and if I can assist you, let me 
not be denied the pleasure of doing it. 

I am, my dear James, 

Your sincere friend, 

Theophilus Wright. 



n2 



150 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

LETTER 13. 

Bradford, Feb. 2, 1823. 
My Dear George, 

I am sorry to hear that your old friend 
Smith has been arrested, and to suppose that 
he is gone to prison. I employ the word 
suppose, because your letter says he is gone 
to the goal, and I am not certain whether 
you meant to write g, a, o, /, a prison, or to 
inform me that Smith was gone to some 
races; g, o, a, /, the word you have used, 
signifying a starting post. As it is, however, 
not very likely that he would be arrested for 
the purpose of being sent to the races, Ifear 
the poor fellow is really in limbo. 

If you use the word j\ «, i, /, for a prison, 
as is now generally done, you will not again 
be liable to a similar mistake. Gaol is a 
monstrous word which every correct writer 
will avoid. 

Your affectionate father, 

Robert Sutton. 



LETTER 14. 

Dear Brother, Edge ware, Feb. 13, 1823. 
I am happy to hear that your mineralo- 
gical pursuits afford you so much pleasure, 
and should like to join in your researches, 
did not the distance at which we are placed 
forbid it. But tho not permitted to share in 
your excursipns, I can accompany you on 



PART Vl.] EXERCISES FOR DtCTAtiNG. 151 

!)aper, and sometimes call your attention 
rom mountains to words ; on one of which 
I shall now take the liberty of offering a 
remark. In mentioning the mineral called 
Muscovy talc, you write it like the verb talk, 
to speak. Your dictionary certainly authori- 
zes both spellings, but as they are pronoun- 
ced alike, and with the sound of the vowel 
a, as in talent, we are reduced to the dilemma 
of applying a two-fold pronunciation to the 
letters t,a,l,k, according as they happen to 
be employed in mineralogy or in speech. 
This difficulty is avoidable by adopting the 
French original t, a, I, c, which is the spelling 
used by 

Your affectionate brother, 

Sampson Bird. 



LETTER 15. 

Dear James, York, April 25, 1823. 

When you write to a member of par- 
liament, you should envelop your letter in an 
envelope ; that is, you should inclose it in a 
cover. This will not subject the receiver to 
the charge of double postage, if you add the 
letters M. P. after the gentleman's name 
and title ; members of parliament being not 
only privileged to send their own letters 
franked, but to receive those of their corres- 
pondents free of postage. This indulgence 
is granted on account of the extensive corres- 
pondence between them and their constitu- 



152 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

ents, which their duty as senators naturally 
imposes. They are also allowed to frank 
the letter of a friend ; but in this as in all 
other cases, the superscription must be in 
their own hand writing. 

I send this in answer to your inquiry, and 
trust you will be able to understand the 
subject. 

Your sincere friend, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 16. 

Dear Sir, Ipswich, Mar. 4, 1823. 

Your letter dated Feb. 26, did not arrive 
till yesterday; and as you appear to be un- 
der a mistake, f hasten to answer it. Like 
many others unacquainted with history, you 
attribute the destruction of all the ancient 
edifices of England now in ruins, to Oliver 
Cromwell. This is an act of injustice to the 
memory of a man whose real faults want no 
addition. The ruins you mention are of three 
kinds, namely, religious houses, royal castles, 
and the mansions of the nobility. The reli- 
gious houses were called Abbeys or Priories 
according as they were under thegovernment 
of an Abbot or Abbess, or that of a Prior or 
Prioress; and, generally, Monasteries or 
Convents, whether inhabited by Monks or 
Nuns. The revenues of all these nouses were 
sequestered in the reign of Henry VIII., and 
the buildings have, of course, fallen to decay. 



pari vi.] exercises Fok Diet ATttrc. 153 

The royal castles and those of the Mobili- 
ty which were converted into fortresses 
during the civil wars in the feign of Charles 
I., were many of them battered down by the 
besiegers ; others were dismantled at the 
commencement of the usurpation of Crom- 
well, and left in such a state of dilapidation, 
as to be involved in one common ruin. This 
was about one hundred and ten years after 
the dissolution of monasteries. 

With much regard, I remain, dear Sir, 
Your obedient servant, 

Austin Benedict Hume. 



LETTER XI. 

Dear James, York, Apr. 29, 1 823. 

You ask how you are to write cauli- 
flower, because, as you say, your dictionary 
spells the word two ways, without giving 
preference to either. Such a case naturally 
challenges observation, and an inquisitive 
mind is not satisfied without a reason. With 
a view to encourage your future remarks, I 
will now observe, that the word cole is a 
general name for plants of the cabbage 
kind, of which species the cauliflower is one ; 
that spelling, therefore, of cauliflower which 
begins with the letters c, o, /, seems to be de* 
rived from this source. But cole itself comes 
from the Saxon word c, a, w, I ; and hence we 
have the other spelling beginning with e,a,w,/. 
The pronunciation is the same in both ; and 



154 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

the short sound of the vowel o in the first 
syllable, has done much towards establish- 
ing the former spelling; while etymology puts 
in a stronger claim for the latter, as coming 
more directly from the Saxon original. 

I hope to hear from you again on a similar 
subject, and am, in the mean time, 
Sincerely yours, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 18. 

Hartford, May 3, 1823. 
My Dear Edward, 

From the tenor of your letter of the 27th 
ultimo, it appears that you are surprized at 
the change in the affairs of Mr. Nimrod. 
When you have acquired more knowledge 
of the world you will understand that such 
changes are the natural consequence of 
thoughtlessness and expensive habits; that 
every family is under the influence of eco- 
nomy, or of waste ; and that " wilful waste 
makes woful want." If you consider these 
principles, and apply them in the present in- 
stance, your wonder will cease, and you will 
perceive nothing in the event but what might 
have been anticipated by any rational per- 
son acquainted with the circumstances. But 
you will probably ask why Mr. Nimrod him- 
self could not foresee and prevent his own 
downfal ? To this I answer, that mankind are 
divided into two classes ; that those of one 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 155 

class calculate and proportion their expen- 
diture to their income ; and that the others 
give themselves no trouble about the matter. 
— Need I add that the event shows Mr. Nim- 
rod to have been one of the latter class ? 
I am, my dear Edward, 

Your affectionate uncle, 

John Adams Mason. 



LETTER 19. 

Sir, Louth, May 30, 1823. 

I have just returned from Keswick, after 
spending a month among the mountains and 
lakes of Cumberland. Of the enchanting 
beauties of this country you will have a verbal 
account from my friend and fellow traveler 
Mr. Arlington, whose sketchbook also will 
contribute much information respecting 
scenery, which words alone fail in describ- 
ing, and to which even the pencil cannot do 
justice. 

From Keswick I made an excursion into 
the romantic vale of Borrodale, and saw the 
mountain in which are the mines that supply 
the principal part of the world with plum- 
bago or black lead. # 1 had not an opportu- 
nity for seeing in what manner this singular 
and valuable mineral is extracted from the 
mine ; and therefore can give you no further 
account of the process, than that it is said to 

* Carburet of Iron. 



156 PRACTICAL ORTH[OQRAPHY, [PART ¥4. 

be carried on occasionally,with considerable 
intermissions, as the demands of the market 
and the interest of the proprietors require. 
With this I transmit a dozen of black lead 
pencils which I bought at Keswick, under 
the idea that they must be genuine ; your 
acceptance of them will oblige, Sir, 
Your obedient servant, 

Vincent Newton. 



LETTER 20. 

Dear James, York, May 14, 1323. 

You are probably not aware that your 
last letter contains a word not authorized by 
your dictionary, which 1 know to be that of 
Mr. Walker; neither is it to be found in Mr. 
Chalmers's Abridgment of the Rev. Mr. 
Todd's edition of Johnson, nor in several 
others. — The word in question is connection, 
which you have written as derived from the 
verb connect, insted of connexion* from connex. 
There does not, however, appear to be any 
good reason why connect, a verb in common 
use, should be superseded in its derivative by 
connex, as that verb is not used ; and your 
error, notwithstanding the omission of the 
word by most of our lexicographers, is cer- 
tainly a pardonable one. I shall write again 
on this subject and explain it more fully. t 

* Rule 22. f See Letters 46 and 47. 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 157 

With sentiments of sincere regard, I re- 
main, my dear James, 

Cordially yours, 

Theophilus Wright, 



LETTER 21. 

Monmouth, Nov. 21, 1816. 
Dear Newton, 

We were all up in good time on Tues- 
day morning last, to see the eclipse of the 
sun, which, we were told, would be such a 
one as we had never seen. The morning 
was frosty, and we waited with anxious ex- 
pectation for the clearing away of the fog, 
which seemed to envelop the town only. 
Aboutthemiddle oftheeclipse themistgrew 
a little thinner, and we obtained an imperfect 
view of the sun's disk,* which resembled the 
moon when about four days old. Soon after 
this, the fog became general, and our hopes 
vanished. I shall be glad to hear that you 
were more favored, and to receive your de- 
scription of this phenomenon when you have 
leisure to write. 

Edmund Halley. 



LETTER 22. 

Dear Edmund, Orford, Nov. 23, 1816. 

I am happy to inform you that we had 

* Disc, Dyche. 
O 



158 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI 

a most beautiful view of the solar eclipse on 
the 19th instant. The clouds which so en- 
viously obstructed jour view, were more 
propitious here, and kept out of the way. 
Having converted my telescope into a 
helioscope for the occasion, 1 was enabled to 
observe both the beginning and end of the 
eclipse, with a degree of exactness far supe- 
rior to what could be done with the naked 
eye. The moon first appeared to touch the 
upper part of the sun's limb to the right hand, 
and on passing downward, covered so much 
of it as to give it the appearance mentioned 
in your letter, viz. of a new moon with its 
back downward. In a little time the back 
was toward the right hand, and afterward, 
toward the upper side ; and finally, the 
moon went ofFa little to the left hand of the 
sun's lower limb. It was a most interesting 
sight, and I enjoyed it with the highest satis- 
faction. 1 made some other observations at 
the time, which shall be shown to you on 
your first visit to, dear Halley, 

Yours truly, 

Isaac Newton. 



. 



LET1ER 23. 

Dear James, York, May 25, 1823. 

Your letter of the 9th inst. contains 
proofs of industry in the prosecution of your I 
studies. It is not however perfectly free 
from errors, tho nearly so. You tell me your 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 1 59 

sister staid so long in Bristol that she could 
not accompany you to Shrewsbury, without 
perceiving that you have used the adjective 
staid for the verb stayed.* This is a slip of 
the pen which might have happened to a 
writer of more experience than yourself; 
and tho it reflects no great discredit, yet 
you must be upon your guard against a re- 
currence of the mistake. 

I go to Aylesbury to-morrow, where your 
letters mayprobably find me for three weeks 
to come. I am, my dear James, 

Yours, with sincere regard, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 24. 

Dear Sam, Newport, May 27, 1823. 

Your apology for a letter is received, 
and I can assure you it made me laugh 
heartily. It seems you take more pains 
than I should like to do, in composing let- 
ters ; and I am of opinion that if you were 
less industrious in asking the help of others, 
you would find the task more easy. 1 wish 
you would learn to use your own abilities, 
which are abundantly sufficient for the pur- 
pose, and then you would not want to bor- 
row those of your friends. If you will make 
the experiment, I am persuaded that you 

* Staid is the contracted form, which will probably 
prevail. See Note at page 34. 



160 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

will find no more 6! ifficulty in talking on paper 
to your absent friends, than in personally 
addressing those who are present. 

I will conclude by requesting that you 
will place more confidence in your own ta- 
lents and exertions, and by begging to be 
favored with the first fruits of your genius in 
letter writing as soon as possible. In the 
mean time, believe me to be, 

Your faithful friend, 

John Eustace Bailey. 



LETTER 25. 

Plymouth, June 12, 1817. 
Dear Bernard, 

We had a most dreadful thunder storm 
on Tuesday last about noon. The rain, 
which fell in torrents, was mixed with hail- 
stones of such a size that many windows 
were broken, trees rent in pieces, and half 
the goslings in the neighborhood killed. 
But this is not the worst : — a poor man who 
was working upon the highway was struck 
dead, and another at a little distance much 
scorched. A cottage at the end of the town 
was set on fire, but happily it was not in- 
habited. Much damage has been done in 
different places by the flood, but I do not 
hear of any other lives being lost. When 
you write, which I hope will be soon, I beg 
you will say if the storm reached you. 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 161 

Pray mention me in a respectful manner 
to your parents, and convey my grateful ac- 
knowledgments to your sister for her very 
acceptable present. 

I am, my dear Bernard, 

Sincerely yours, 

Owen Williamson. 



LETTER 26. 

Dear James, York, June 13, 1823. 

In your letter of the 28th ult. you have 
written the word vitiate* with a c, which is 
consonant to analogy, but contrary to the 
practice of some authors. After forming 
vice from the Latin vitium, our etymologists 
seem to have given up the primitive, and 
returned to the Latin for its derivatives, 
which are in consequence too often written 
with / insted of c, except vicious, in which c 
is commonly retained. This mode of form- 
4ng derivatives is familiar to those who are 
acquainted with the learned languages, but 
it is a source of perplexity to the mere 
English scholar, who Sees no reason why 
he should depart from the natural rule of 
analogy for the sake of adopting an irregu- 
larity, which, on every lapse of memory, 

* C is always to be preferred to t in such cases : 
viciate is better than viTiate, negotiate better than nego- 
Tiate, ancient is better than antient, and so in all similar 
cases, according to Rule 19, which prefers 5 or c to t soft. 

o2 



162 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [p ART VI. 

must be superseded by a recurrence to the 
primitive. 

Your friend, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 27. 

Exeter, June 5, 1823. 

My dear young Friend, 

I have just been informed that you in- 
tend to quit the service of your employer 
and go to Jamaica, and that your parents, 
as might have been anticipated, are much 
distressed in consequence. You are no 
stranger to the warm attachment I have 
long entertained for them, and can hardly 
be ignorant of the interest I have taken in 
every thing that concerns yourself; any 
apology for thus addressing you is therefore 
unnecessary. 

Your views in thus leaving your native 
country have not been fully explained to me, 
but I understand your plan is, like that of 
others, to gain a fortune, and return home 
to enjoy it. Before you go, however, I beg 
to be favored with your answers to the fol- 
lowing questions. Are you prepared to 
support with fortitude, all the disappoint- 
ments that may intervene betwixt your 
present state and the affluence you seek ? 
Have you considered the climate of the 
West India islands, and its effects upon the 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 163 

constitutions of northern men ? Do you think 
you will know how to enjoy your good for- 
tune at home, after sacrificing your health 
in a foreign clime ? And have you reflected 
on the great probability of your never return- 
ing? These are matters submitted to your 
most serious consideration. 

Yours faithfully, 

Arthur Mortimer. 



LETTER 28. 

Exeter, June 12, 1823. 
My dear young Friend, 

Your letter in answer to mine of the 
5th inst. gives me great pleasure; and I 
am sure your parents will be still more gra- 
tified than myself with your proposal to re- 
linquish the idea of making a fortune in 
Jamaica. Encouraged by the attention 
with which you have honored my former 
letter, and anxious to promote your best in- 
terests, I feel a wish to add a few words on 
the subject of your leaving Mr. Jones, who 
is considered a kind master, tho 1 am not 
able to prove it from facts. But I think you 
may form a correct judgment respecting the 
cause of the misunderstanding between him 
and you, if you will take the trouble of ask- 
ing yourself the question, whether the gene- 
ral tenor of your conduct towards Mr. Jones 
has been such as you would have approved, 



164 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY* [PART VI. 

had you been in his place ? This question 
will be easy lo answer when you have been 
ten years a master, and may be done now 
by putting your candor fairly to the test. If 
after this trial you stand acquitted, I would 
adviseyou to attempt the reformation of your 
employer, by increased attention to his in- 
terests ; for he is a hard master indeed who 
cannot be improved by a faithful servant ; 
and remember, that the best way of exchang- 
ing an unpleasant situation for a better, is, 
to conduct yourself in the former in such a 
manner as will ensure a recommendation to 
the latter. 

You will perceive that I am calculating 
upon the probability of your continuing a 
little longer in your present situation, and 
on your ability to render it comfortable. 
With every good wish for your happiness, [ 
remain, my dear Andrew, 

Affectionately yours, 

Arthur Mortimer. 



LETTER 29. 

My dear Boy, Worksop, June 16, 1823. 

I understand from your last letter that 
you are in a strait respecting Master Tan- 
cred; who, it appears, is a great money 
borrower. By the exercise of a little in- 
genuity, I have ascertained the fact that his 
supplies from home are more than sufficient 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 165 

for all his wants, and that he has no occa- 
sion whatever to borrow of his schoolfel- 
lows ; to most of whom 5 as well as to your- 
self, I find he is indebted. To his next so- 
licitation for money it may not be improper 
to answer, that when he returns the sum he 
already owes, you will lend it to him again; 
and that to accomodate him you will en- 
deavor to do a little longer without those 
superfluities which you are sorry to find are 
necessaries to him; but that you have resolv- 
ed not to lend any more money to those who 
think as little about the prudent application 
of it as they do about the day of payment. 

I will not undervalue your judgment by 
supposing you insensible to the humiliating 
circumstances in which Master Tancred's 
4plly and extravagance have placed him ; 
nor will I imagine that the example of his 
degradation will be lost upon his compan- 
ions, who, no doubt, look down upon him as 
other creditors do upon their thoughtless 
and prodigal debtors. 

That you may suffer no loss, I inclose a 
bank note to replace that lent to Master 
Tancred, and am, my dear Francis, 
Your affectionate mother, 

Helen Anne Brook. 



LETTER 30. 

Tuxford, June 18,1823. 
Your letter, mv dear Harry, found me 



166 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI 

at Chatham, where I had been on a visit for 
three weeks. Your uncle was much pleas- 
ed with your account of the school, and 
with the detail of your studies. He said 
the writing does you credit, and the language 
is better than could be expected at your 
age. He considers the delight with which 
you mention those of your schoolfellows 
who are behind you, as a token of superior- 
ity, and a proof of rising merit. But your 
aunt, who is a very shrewd woman, shortly 
observed, that if her nephew would begin to 
emulate those before him, insted of compa- 
ring himself with those who are behind, she 
should have better hopes of him. To this 
remark your uncle made no reply; and I 
communicate it that you may examine, and 
apply it to practice. 

Your mother and Sophy are very well ; 
and so are also James and Elenor; they 
all unite in sentiments of affectionate regard, 
with, 

Your brother and friend, 

Stephen Owen Langton. 



LETTER 31. 

Coleshill, Berks. June 24, 1823. 
Dear Sister, 

I received your letter of the 17th, re- 
questing my opinion on the volume accom- 
panying it. As you are already acquainted 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 167 

with my sentiments on the subject, I can 
scarcely guess your motive for making this 
request, unless it is that your own opinion is 
in favor of the work, and that you ask for 
mine to sanction it. In short, I feel inclined 
to suspect that some way or other, you 
have lately acquired a taste for novel read- 
ing. If this conjecture is right, you can 
perhaps inform me what advantages you 
expect to derive from this new acquisition. 
Do you propose to improve your relish for 
truth by volumes of fiction ? Is your know- 
ledge of history, of geography, of every 
thing useful and necessary, to be drawn 
from this source ? It is true that, in this 
book-making age, we have witnessed some 
well meant attempts to introduce sentiments 
of morality and religion, in the disguise of 
novels, to the notice of readers who have not 
a natural liking for simple facts and plain 
reasoning; but is it not to be lamented, 
that the disguise of fiction is become neces- 
sary for the adaptation of truth to the per- 
verted taste of the present day ? 

I return the volume unread, that my reso- 
. lution to resist the temptations of novel read- 
ing may not be put to trial ; and conclude 
with the hope that my dear Lydia is pos- 
sessed of as much fortitude as her most 
affectionate brother, 

Roger Thoresby. 



168 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART VI. 

LETTER 32. 

Dear James, York, June 16, 1823. 

The irregularity alluded to in your let- 
ter of Tuesday cannot perhaps be reconciled 
to analogy so perfectly as you seem tp wish ; 
yet some light may be thrown on4be subject 
by a little examination. You will observe 
that agents coming from verbs, commonly 
form the masculine gender by the addition 
of er or or to the verb, as actor, chanter, 
conductor, &c. from the verbs to act, to 
chant, to conduct ; and the feminine by 
changing the masculine terminations er and 
or into ress, as actress, chantress, &c. or into 
ess where the verb ends with a letter that 
does not admit r after it, as govern, govern- 
ess* Some masculines also, with similar 
terminations, tho not formed immediately 
from verbs, make their feminines in the 
same manner, as arbiter, arbitress, master, 
mistress ; embassador, embassadress ; traitor, 
traitress; &c. Words in which the mascu- 
line termination is preceded by er or or make 
theirfeminines in ess to avoid the duplication 
of the letter r, as adulterer, adulteress ; caterer, 
cateress ; emperor, emperess ; sorceror, sorcer- 
ess. Many of these are contracted in com- 
mon practice, as empress, adidtress. The 
contracted form is to be preferred in prac- 
tice, in general, on account of the saving of 
time in writing and printing, as well as the 
ease of pronunciation. Many form the 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 169 

feminine by the simple addition of ess to the 
masculine, as baron, baroness ; heir, heiress ; 
host, hostess ; lion, lioness ; mayor, mayoress ; 
poet, poetess ; &c. and others are irregular. 
Feminines in ix are Latin, as executrix, admin- 
istratrix. 

I am, my dear James, 

Sincerely yours, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 33. 

Dear James, York, June 21, 1823. 

You have noticed many irregularities 
in the spelling of primitive and derivative 
words, but I do not recollect your having 
made any remarks on those with the termi- 
nations able and ible. Dr. Johnson retain- 
ed the silent e in movable and omitted it in 
immovable. Mr. Walker retained it in both 
words, but his reason for so doing is insuffi- 
cient; and his spelling of blamable with that 
letter, cannot be defended on the principles 
of analogy. Mr. Todd has given these 
words correctly without the e ; and you 
will find the ninth of Mr. Murray's Ortho- 
graphical Rules applicable to the case. 

In all such cases the e is to be omitted 
except after c and «\ as chanceable, change- 
able, which would otherwise be chan-ca-bk 
and chan-ga-ble. It would be a useful im- 
provement to change this c into s, and g in- 



170 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 



to j, and then the rule would be without 
exception to omit the final e before able or 
ible. Or they might assume i as in reducible, 
frangible, tangible, fencible, invincible* It is to 
v be remarked, that able is in general to be 
preferred to ible, as conversable, reversible, are 
better than reversible ; referable like 'preferable, 
is better than referrible. 

Anomalies of this kind are numerous, and 
require that attention which I trust you will 
continue to devote to the subject. In a 
few days I may probably meet you at Salis- 
bury ; and am in the mean time as ever, 
Your sincere friend. 

Theophilus Wright. 

# The use of ible rather than able, in any 
case, seems to have originated in the neces- 
sity of keeping the soft sound of c and g in 
the derivatives ; and if ible was confined to 
that use, it would be an easy and simple 
rule. The following words which have not 
yet conformed to the general rule might 
soon become familiar in their corrected 
form. 



peaceable peacible 

traceable tracible 

undefaceable, M. undefacible 



like 



serviceable 

impierceable 

pronounceable 

marriageable 

damageable 

manageable 

advantageable 



servicible 

impiercible 

pronouncible 

marriagible 

damagible 

managible 

advantagible 



forcible 
reducible 

miscible 

coercible 

fencible 

corrigible 

elegible 

intelligible 

refrangible 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 171 



unvoyageable 


unvoyagible 


like regible 


allegeable 


allegible 


s : legible 


changeable 


changible 


: tangible 


vengeable 


vengible 


: frangible 


chargeable 


chargible 


: incorrigible 



These are nearly, if not quite all of these 
anomalies, and analogy as above shown, 
would correct them all. They ought to be 
corrected. As to chastiseable, titheable sale- 
able, unshakeable, mistakeable, tameable, blame- 
able, reconcileable, hateable, abateable, sizeable, 
moveable, and proveable, with their com- 
pounds and derivatives, the spelling of 
them with the e is wrong. They are con- 
tradictory in every dictionary. 

The rule then is general that the final e is 
rejected before able, and a in able is changed 
into i after c and g soft. 

Solvable, vendable and tenable, are better with 
a, and the perpetual contradictions of the 
same or like words, in all the books, show 
that the authors had no distinct idea of what 
is right, and what is wrong. For instance, 
fencible and defensible ; pREferable and KEfetri- 
ble, and inferible ; conversable, and reversible ; 
defendable and descendible; emendable and ex- 
tendible ; bendable and vendible ; dividable, divi- 
sible, and corrodible ; exhalable and saleable ; 
returnable and discernible ; indispensable and re- 
sponsible ; advisable, fusible ; respectable, dispu- 
table, delectable, and collectible ; un-comeata- 
ble, [johnson] and incompatible ; taxable and 
flexible: and many others in Johnson 
and Walker, without any apparent reason. 



172 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 
LETTER 34. 

Dear James, York, July 4, 1823. 

You ask whether you are to retain or 
omit the mute e in the word judgment, abridg- 
ment, acknowledgment, lodgment, adjudgment, and 
prejudgment. The solution of this question 
has been a stumbling block to many, tho 
custom seems determined to remove it. Dr. 
Johnson left out the e in those words, and 
has been followed by Mr. Walker and Mr. 
Murray, All our dictionaries are contra- 
dictory in these six words. The use of the 
d is to soften the g, and therefore the final 
e in compounds is unnecessary. If we could 
do, as Fenning's Dictionary suggests, sub- 
stitute j for g soft, then both d and e might 
be spared, and we should Write simiplyjuj, 
insted of judge, saving two letters and avoid- 
ing many anomalies; but as no Lexico- 
grapher has ventured to write them in this 
manner, we yet pursue the old way, until 
we can find a better. 

With sentiments of regard I subscribe 
myself, 

Your sincere friend, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 35. 

Worcester, Sept. 13, 1823. 

My dear Sophia seems to think that her 

mother is as fond of dress as herself? pther- 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 173 

wise she would not have filled her last letter 
with a long description of the fashions of the 
day, to the exclusion of every thing else. 
This was not wisely done. Other informa- 
tion was at hand which might have been 
more amusing to your father and myself. I 
do not wish you to be altogether inattentive 
to the modes of dress, because-1 should not 
like you to appear singular; but I certainly 
should be sorry to find you aspiring to the 
distinction of a leader of fashion. This is 
a vain pursuit;* for notwithstanding you 
might rise till your head grew giddy with 
the fancied elevation, yet somebody would 
be above you ; and after all, if the object of 
your wishes was attainable, it would not be 
worth possessing. 

I am, my dear Sophia, 

Your truly affectionate mother, 

Lucy Anderson. 



LETTER 36. 

Dear James, York, Sept. 1 3, 1 823. 

In your last letter I observe that you 
have written the word counseled with one / 
only. This is agreeable to the latter part 
of the fifth rule of orthography in your 
grammar, and is perfectly right, but custom, 
which is not always governed by rules, 

* Sute, sutable; Martin ; of course pursute is correct 
Rule 18. 

p2 



174 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

claims for the letter / the privilege of being 
doubled in words like the above, wherein 
the accent does not fall on the last syllable. 
Hence we see enamelling, equalled, libeller, mar- 
velled, quarrelling, traveller, &c. written with 
the I doubled, tho the last syllable in the 
primitives enamel, equal, libel, &c. is without 
the accent. All this is wrong, judging by 
the best authorities and the best practice. 
Take for instance the two following testi- 
monies of Walker and Perry. 

Mr. Walker in his Rhyming* Dictionary de- 
clares for an expulsion of this /; his words 
are these : " Why we should write libelling, 
levelling, revelling, and yet offering, reasoning, 
suffering, I am totally at a loss to determine, 
and unless / can give a better plea than any 
other letter in the alphabet for being doub- 
led in this situation, I must, in the stile of 
Lucian in his trial of the letter t, declare 
for an expulsion." (p. x.) 

Mr. Perry says " We would now ask what 
stronger evidence can be adduced to prove 
the erroneousness of doubling the final con- 
sonant, in cases stated as above, of words 
consisting of two or more syllables, whose 
accent is upon the first syllable. Thus from 
the verb to quar'rel, we have analogically 
written quar'reling, quar'releth, and the sub- 
stantive quarreler ; from to victual, victualing, 

* Rime, Bailey — Turner's History, and Bosworth's 
Saxon Grammar. 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. V) [5 

vic'tualeth, and the noun vicHualer ; from to 
worship, worshiping, wor ! shipeth, worshiper ; 
and from the substantive j>'ew 'el, we write by 
analogy jew'eler. Insted of the above correct 
spelling of the words, all our lexicographers* 
have erroneously spelt them with //; as, 
quarrelling, quarreller ; victualling, victualler; 
worshipping, worshipper, and jeweller." 8vo. 
Diet. p. xv. 

Adieu, my dear James, and believe me to 
be, with increasing solicitude for your hap- 
piness and success, 

Yours most sincerely, 

Theophilus Wright. 



LETTER 37. 

Dear Harry, Ipswich, Sept. 13, 1823. 

Your uncle Kingston was here yester- 
day, and delivered your letter. He says 
you look extremely well, and have grown 
much since you went to school. He men- 
tioned an indulgence that has been granted 
to one of your schoolfellows, which he 
thinks might be extended to you ; and beg- 
ged me (probably at your request) to write 
to Mr. Wilson on the subject. I have no 
objection to your enjoying any reasonable 

* Except Dr. Ash, who has given the correct orthogra- 
phy to two words only of this numerous class, namely, 
victualed, and victualing ; but spells victualler and all the 
rest with U. Dr. Webster's new dictionary will correct 
these words. 



176 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

indulgence not likely to be abused; but 
before I can take one step in the business, 
1 must know whether the indulgence was 
granted as a reward for superior merit in the 
boj ; or was extorted from Mr. Wilson 
by the parents of a spoiled child, against his 
wish, and in opposition to the rules of his 
school. 

When you have cleared up this matter, 
which may be done, in your next letter, I 
shall know how to act ; and am, in the mean 
time, my dear Harry, 

Your affectionate father, 

J oseph Greenwood. 



LETTER 38. 

Dear Jane, Camberwell, Sept. 15, 1 823. 
I received your letter of the 10th 
instant, requesting my consent to your pro- 
posal for working a hearth-rug, which you 
say you can finish in six months. I am not 
disposed to undervalue your work, nor to 
doubt of its being neatly executed ; but I 
think your time might be better employed 
than in learning to make an article with 
which a manufacturer can furnish you at a 
much smaller expense, because he can make 
fifty before you can produce one. Besides, 
my dear, you seem not to recollect that you 
are not intended for a hearth-rug manufactu- 
rer ; and that you have many things to ac- 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 177 

quire before you can be properly qualified to 
undertake the management of a family, and 
to acquit yourself with credit in sensible and 
respectable company. Your father says 
you do not write very legibly, and he has 
also discovered that your spellingis not good, 
and that your knowledge of grammar is very 
defective. You know his kind intentions, 
and that he does not want to spare any 
expense in your education ; but he wishes 
that expense to be applied in the acquisition 
of practically useful knowledge. He unites 
in sincere love to you, with 

Your truly affectionate mother, 

Theodosia Maynard. 



LETTER 39. 

Pickering, Sept. 17, 1823. 
My dear Charles, 

I visited Mr. Anderson yesterday, 
when he showed me a letter from you, in 
which I was sorry to see that you had not 
addressed him in a way suited to the occa* 
sion, I certainly do not wish you to lay 
aside the commercial manner of writing, 
any more than I should wish you to lay aside 
the character and pursuits that require it ; 
but I do wish you to discriminate between 
the common language of business and that 
of general intercourse with your friends. 
To begin a letter with "Mr. Anderson, 



178 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART TI. 

Sir," may pass between one tradesman and 
another ; but you seem to have forgotten 
that you were writing to a gentleman and a 
Scholar, who cannot be much gratified by 
the letters of a correspondent, who can use 
no other stile than that of the shop and the 
warehouse. It may be convenient for the 
man of business, when writing several letters 
at one sitting, to begin with the name of the 
person he addresses, by way of preventing 
mistakes ; but the man of education does 
this by writing the name of his correspon- 
dent below the conclusion of his letter, at 
the left hand corner of the page; and this 
leaves him at liberty to use any mode of ad- 
dress which rank or circumstances may re- 
quire. 

I trust you will profit by this hint from 
Your affectionate father, 

John Alfred Easton. 



LETTER 40. 

New- York, Nov. 22, 1827. 
My dear Son, 

You inquire whether you shall write 
inquire or enquire ? Many have asked the 
same question, and a reference to J ohnson, 
or some one of his particular admirers, has 
often satisfied those who look at the subject 
hastily, and determined them in favor of the 
i rather than the e. But modern practice is 



'PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 179 

pretty uniform in adopting the e, and on 
reference to the great dictionary, I find that 
Johnson wrote squire and enquiry ; and tho 
this form is not found in his stock words, 
yet the remarks under inquire that it is more 
commonly written enquire. In many words 
the same doubt will occur, &s,inclose, enclose, 
&c. for a catalogue of which you may con- 
sult the Appendix of " Practical Orthogra- 
phy." You will observe that the old form 
was e, which Martin uniformly prefers, in 
this whole class of words; but the modern 
form is c, and the case is often, like s insted 
of ^determined by mechanical convenience 
in writing, rather than any other good rea- 
son that can be assigned. 

I hope you will continue to inquire until 
you are fully satisfied, not on this point only, 
but on many others. Our orthography has 
been too little studied. It has been too 
much left to chance or caprice, and it needs, 
at this moment, a great reformation to bring 
it back to that simplicity which its deriva- 
tion would indicate, and the practice of good 
authors would justify. 

Your affectionate father, 

Henry Markman. 



LETTER 41. 

New-York, Nov. 26, 1827. 
My dear Lambert, 

You have observed that I write proccofe 



180 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

and precede, accede and excede, secede and suc- 
ceed, &c. alike, tho in some of our dictiona- 
ries, three of them are spelt with double ee. 
They were formerly all spelt ceede with three 
e's, but as this was perceived to be unneces- 
sary, the words were abridged by omitting 
one e at the end of these three, and from 
the middle of all the others — a palpable 
mistake which ought to be corrected. They 
all come from the Latin c, e,J, o, and the 
the English cede, and ought, for every reason, 
except vicious practice, to be spelt alike. 
If you have courage enough to do right, I 
advise you to spell them all uniformly ede, 
according to Rule 9th. This will econo- 
mize the use of letters in the derivatives, 
and prevent such glaring inconsistencies as 
procedure and proceeding. Pursue your 
search, and you will find many things of this 
kind that ought to have been corrected, 
and would have been, if our lexicographers 
had done that for which many people give 
them credit. But the work yet remains to 
be done, for no dictionary of our language, 
has yet been published which is consistent 
with itself, even in a tolerable degree. Mr. 
Walker has noted some things of this kind, 
but many more escaped his observation ; 
and it is to be regretted that he did not 
make the corrections which he has said 
were necessary. He saw and noticed John- 
son's mistakes, but says he did not dare to 
correct them. Mr. Chalmers bas, however, 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 181 

done a very acceptable service in correct- 
ing many of them. Where he has failed to 
observe them, other authors may be con- 
sulted, particularly Perry, Barclay, Martin, 
and Ash. For example, nearly all the 
authors have overlooked the contradiction 
of spelling d, a, u, b and be, d, a, w, b ; but this 
is corrected by Perry and Barclay ; accord- 
ing to Rule 8th, which directs in such cases 
to prefer u to w ; and this again comes under 
the canon of preferring the shortest, if 
equally authorized. I thank you for the in- 
quiry, and shall ever be happy to assist you. 
Your faithful friend, 

John Saxon. 



LETTER 42. 

New-York, Nov. 26, 1827. 
My dear Son, 

I perceive you spell the word com- 
plete, compkat. This 1 own is on the title 
page of Bailey's Dictionary, a work which 
I very highly esteem; but it is not the best 
practice of the present day. We now 
write this word with e final, according to 
Rule 9th, and cheerful with double e, rather 
than ea, by Rule 10th. While on this sub- 
ject, permit me to remark, that a careful 
observation of these rules will prevent many 
mistakes, and reconcile many discrepancies 
of orthography. You will find that they all 



182 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

tend to this point; namely, to make the best 

AND MOST ECONOMICAL USE OF OUR PRESENT AL- 
PHABET. Some well-meaning men have de- 
sired to make new characters for orthogra- 
phy. That is impossible, and would be 
nearly useless if it could be done. All that 
seems desirable is very easy ; namely, to use 
the powers we have to the best advantage; 
but this will give me an opportunity of wri- 
ting again to explain the subject more fully. 
Adieu, and believe me ever, 

Your most affectionate father, 

Fitzwilliam Childs. 



LETTER 43. 

New- York, Nov. 26, 1 827. 
My dear Son, 

The twenty-fifth of November is annu- 
ally celebrated in New- York by a military 
parade, in commemoration of the evacuation 
of this city by the British, at the close of the 
revolutionary war. Once in twenty-eight 
years the 25th day of the month will be on 
Sunday, and then we celebrate the next 
day. That happens the present year, and 
to-day is the celebration. This period of 
twenty-eight years, when the days of the 
week return to the days of the month, in 
the same order, is called the Solar Cycle. 
The Lunar Cycle is a period of nineteen 
years, at which the lunations return to the 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 183 

same days, and very nearly to the same hours. 

When the year is divided by 19 the excess 

is called the golden number. We must 

remember, however, always to add one 

before we divide the current year, as, 

1 827+l=1828-H9=96 cycles since the birth 

of Christ, and 4 over, which 4 is the golden 

number. You should look into Chronology 

a little, and be able to read the almanac. 

Your affectionate parent* 

lamco Ecnelbert. 



LETTER 44. 

New- York, Nov. 28, 1827. 
My dear Son, 

I promised you another discussion of 
the topic of the economical use of the powers of 
our present alphabet. We want no new charac- 
ters, but it would be of no small advantage 
to learners, if the same sound was always 
represented by the same letter. Infantom 
and frenzy, you are taught to prefer/ to ph. 
This is right. Gulf is gained from gulph, and 
many others, and it is hoped the time will 
come when we shall dare to write alfabet, or- 
thografy, and all the other words which have 
ph in the same manner. J has taken the 
place of soft g in some words, slsjUI, jennet, 
jail ; and to substitute it universally would 
save an additional letter, namely, e, which 
must come after theg, to show its soft sound. 



184 



PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 



This reminds me of a singular circumstance, 
that a misprint in some old dictionary has 
been copied by more than twenty authors 
of dictionaries without correction. It is in 
the word sergeant, which every dictionary 
spells with g, and every dictionary, which I 
can find, spells the same word with j in 
the definition of coif or quoif. Ash may be 
excepted under quoif, where he has sergvnt, 
e^Lrlently a misprint, but under coif he has 
like the others, wr, M ^ which is certainly 
wrong ; for if the j is used, e must bcomUu], 
as it was put in to soften the g. Serjctnt like 
servant, would be a good form. Dyche is the 
only author who has noticed that this word 
is variable. 

Misprints in Johnson have been often 
copied, even those that Johnson afterwards 
corrected, such as falchin and witherrung. 
This last is overlooked by Mr. Walker, tho 
it was corrected by Johnson himself in his 
fourth edition of the great dictionary. 

But to return. Economy would direct to 
use c insted of cJc, and always to place it 
before a, o, u, or a consonant, and to use k 
w r here c would indicate a wrong sound ; that 
is, before e, i, and y. K appears to have 
originated in our language, with the Norman 
conquest, and to have been made by putting 
a strait mark behind the c, to show its hard 
sound. The k is changed into c correctly 
and analogically in invoke, invocation, convoke, 
convocation ; embark, emharcatiw* Not under-* 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 185 

standing this principle, has caused some to 
suppose that embarkation with c was a mis- 
take. It is not, but according to a general 
rule laid down by Penning, in the preface to 
hisdictionary,publishedinl76l. He says "C 
before a,o, uj, and r, and at the end of words, 
is sounded hard like k, as in can, cost, cub, 
class, crust, public. It should be observed, it 
has been the custom to add a k to c at the 
end of words, but as this destroys their ana- 
logy, and renders their etymology uncertain, 
the moderns have justly omitted the k." 
Martin, in 1748, says it was the best prac- 
tice in his time to omit the k, and yet some 
modern authors have attempted to revive it. 
This practice should not be encouraged, on 
the principle of economy, which requires 
the shortest and simplest form. 

But I find it necessary again to postpone 
the conclusion of this subject. I remark, 
however, that you should, as much as pos- 
sible, examine different authorities before 
you decide doubtful cases. 

Your ever affectionate father, 

Fitzwilliam Childs. 



LETTER 45. 

New-York, Nov. 29. J 827. 
My dear Son, 

Economy in spelling would require the 
dropping of all double final consonants ex- 
*2 



186 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

cept s, and this would be according to the 
Saxon parent, aud ancient practice. We 
generally drop one / in compounds, when 
the simples end in double //. This is right, 
and if the simples could be corrected, it 
would be a gain to the language. Why we 
should write till and until would be difficult 
to say. It is a bad practice, and contrary 
etymology. Wicliffe, and other early wri- 
ters use one / in all such words as, shal, wil, 
al, fed, &c. the same that we use in com- 
pounds. 

Modern practice has too often omitted z. 
It ought to be much more used than it is. 
All our dictionaries insert it in many words 
where it is too often omitted by those who 
are not particular to write correctly. En- 
terprize and all words of that form, are bet- 
ter with z, because it is the most natural 
sound, and that which is denoted by the 
name of the letter which is s hard, ezzard, 
zed, or ze. 

Yours ever and most truly, 

John Saxon. 



LETTER 46, 

New- York, June 6, 1827. 
Dear Charles, 

The remark on the word connexions my 
late letter reminds me that I owe you an 
explanation. This word is often spelt with 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 187 

ct, which is wrong, tho not for the reason 
commonly assigned, viz. that it is not in the 
dictionaries, for it is found in several of 
them, particularly in Ash's, that great and 
valuable storehouse of knowledge, which 
contains about three times as many words 
as others. Xion and ction are variable in 
many words, as, inflection and genuflexion, 
but x is always better than ct, because a 
shorter and a more natural way of making 
the round in question. In all such words t 
has the sound of s, and i of y, and thus fiction 
is pronounced j&r-i/wft. If our language could 
be reformed, we might very well spare Hon 
out of the vocabulary, by substituting c or x, 
suspicion and contricion might be alike ; nation 
might take c, nacion as in Spanish, and 
wherever ct occur, they might be changed 
to x. This would save a vast amount of 
labor in teaching and learning. 

It is hoped that the use of x and z may 
be increased rather than diminished; which 
last seems to be the present disposition of 
printers. 

Your cordial friend, 

David Graham. 



LETTER 27. 

New- York, Dec. 1, 1827. 
My dear Son, 

You remark justly that you find the dif- 



188 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

ferent compounds of the same word differ- 
ently spelt. That is a great disgrace to our 
language, and shows how little attention 
has ever been paid to our orthography. No 
author except Perry and Webster have dared 
to correct gross and palpable blunders. 
The fear of being singular, keeps many per- 
sons from doing that which it would be a 
very great public benefit to have done. But 
1 hope you will ever dare to do right, tho it 
should not be fashionable. Genuflexion has 
x, but inflection and reflection have often ct: x 
is better by Rule 22 ; and wherever we find 
a word variable we should fix it on the right 
side. Then we may hope that in time, our 
language will assume something like correct- 
ness and regularity. 

Your affectionate father, 

- John Saxon. 



LETTER 48. 

New-York, Nov. 28, 1827. 
My dear young Friend, 

You remark that you find a diversity in 
the spelling of words ending in ey or y, and 
that the derivatives do not agree with their 
primitives. That is often the case, and has 
been often remarked before. In many of 
these words the plural has assumed a differ- 
ent form from the singular, as, chimney, chim- 
nies, valley, vallies. This has been expressly 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 1 89 

condemned by good authors, and jet the 
anomaly continues. It can easily be cor- 
rected by rejecting e, and spelling mony, mo- 
nies, monied ; hony, honied ; chimny, chimnies ; 
attorny, attornies ; vally, vallies, and so of all 
others, rejecting ey in every case, for it is 
always useless ; and then we should not see 
such very aukward looking words as moneyed, 
which scarcely differs from moon-eyed. Hon- 
eyed is not often seen, and it is hoped it may 
not be introduced, as the other has been, 
from a zeal for correctness, which is not ac- 
cording to knowledge. If we should spell 
they, thay, ixo it. oug-ht to have been, and 
other words of the same roir^ [ n the same 
manner, and omit the e in abby, jocky, & c# 
there would not be any necessity of using 
ey, eys, or eyed, except in about half a dozen 
words, and even these would be better in a 
different form. Key, eye, and clayey, might 
all be reformed advantageously ; and then 
kee, like bee, and kees, like bees, ey and eies, 
claiy, skiy, would be correct and analogical. 
It is hoped that some able genius will arise, 
and reduce to order the chaos of English 
spelling. It would be a great blessing to 
the nation, saving a vast amount both of 
time and money to the rising generation,* 
Your cordial friend, 

Henry Hartshorn. 

* See page 13^^-7, 



190 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

i 

♦ 
LETTER 49. 

Dear Sir, New-York, May 16, 1327. 

You ask my opinion on the correct ortho- 
graphy of words derived from the French, 
and ending in on, 1 answer that practice is 
variable, but the rale is plain. They should 
all come into English with oon, and a single 
consonant in the middle, is in general pre- 
ferable to a double one, as, racoon, dragoon, 
cocoon, baboon, shaloon ; f, I, and s, are doub- 
led but no others, except by mistake, as, 
buffoon, balloon, bassoon; but even in these the 
double letter is sometimes o»™ iio ^ aS ? sha- 
loon, basoon, an J Ju/oon, B.; and the rule 
ought ±o ^e general. It would tend to order 
■diia simplicity, which are, of all things, most 
desirable in language. 

Yours, ever and truly. 

Warren Kirby. 



LETTER 50. 

Dear Sir, New-York, Dec. 1, 1827. 

Analogy is one of the surest guides to 
correct spelling, and it should ever be ob- 
served when it is possible, without doing 
great violence to established usage. This 
remark is elicited by observing the word 
vermilion in your letter with one /, and not, as 
in too many cases, we see it with two /'s. I 
can give you a general rule for this, derived, 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 191 

like all good rules, from the best practice of 
the greater part of those who understand 
the propriety of the language. It is this ; 
F, L, JV, S, f, or V, followed by i sounded 
like y, is preceded by a single consonant, as, 
bilious, pinion, evasion, nation, savior. So also 
rufian might be corrected and the rule might 
be made general that any consonant followed 
by i sounded like y should be single. Briliant 
and cotilion would soon become familiar, 
and the numerous errors now made in these 
words would be avoided. Why should we 
spell incision, and decision, and abscission, and 
rescision? The true answer is, analogy has 
been neglected. Johnson says he writes 
" inveigh and convey in compliance with a 
numberless majority." The majority is how- 
ever wrong, for the same word ought to be 
spelt in the same way ; and that uniformly. 
If this was done, we should avoid many er- 
rors, and bring back our language to its 
primitive simplicity. Many, very many ab- 
surdities may be avoided by a reference to 
the Saxon, which is the mother tongue # of 
English, and deserves to be better known 
than it has hitherto been. In almost every 
instance where the commonly received pro- 
nunciation differs from the spelling, jt is 
owing to a vicious corruption of the ortho- 
graphy, since the pronunciation was fixed. 

* Tung, Saxon, like lung, rung, sung, yung. 



192 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

But of this subject I shall treat in another 
letter. 

In the mean time farewel, 

Yours, ever and truly, 

Henry Hobart. 



LETTER 51. 

New-York, Dec. 3, 1827. 
My dear Friend, 

In my last letter I intimated an intention 
of returning to the subject of corruptions in 
spelling, which may be corrected by a re- 
ference to the orthography of our Saxon 
ancestors. The pronunciation, of common 
words, such as man, much, tell, bad, &c, and 
indeed of nearly all the Saxon stock of our 
language, which is much the greater part of 
the whole, is very little liable to change, and 
probably has not changed, in any consider- 
able degree, since the invention of printing, 
or even during the last eight hundred years, 
which brings us back to a period when the 
Saxon language was spoken in England, tho 
mixed with other dialects. The common 
pronunciation then will show us in general 
what words have been altered by time and 
caprice, or by the prevalence of foreign 
idioms. This class of words is numerous, 
and important. Why do we pronounce 
busy, bisy? Because the old spelling was y, 
or its substitute i, bysy or bisy is the ancient 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 193 

spelling. Again love is always pronounced 
luv, which is the old and correct spelling; 
the same maybe said ofwhare,thare,sun,(son,) 
yuth, yis, wulf, munk, gilt, (guilt,) bin, (been,) 
tung, shuv, eny, meny, cum, git, (get,) sum, (some,) 
and a multitude besides ; all of which might 
be very advantageously corrected, if we had 
sufficient authority ; and as the Saxon begins 
to be more cultivated than it was formerly, 
the reformation may perhaps take place at 
some future period. 

Your cordial friend, 

John Saxon. 



LETTER 52. 

New-York, June 12, 1827. 

My dear Friend, 

Whether we should write acetose or 
acetous, our dictionaries do not inform us. 
The number, of this class of variable words, 
is about thirty. It would be a good thing to 
omit the final e, as in verbose, (verbos,) and the u 
in verbous, (verbos,) by which both these forms 
would be reduced to one, and then also the 
primitive and derivitive would follow the 
same rule. Verbos, verbosity ; animos, animosi- 
ty > generos, generosity. This class of words 
would then be analagos to the class in or, 
as, labor, laborios, honor, honorary : and also to 
those in on, as, station, stationer, nation, nation- 
al. To omit the final e in adjectives ending 



194 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART VI. 

in He, ive, would give the same result. That 
is, the primitives and derivatives would not 
contradict each other as they do at present : 
activ and activity would be analagos to sterile 
sterility, fatal, fatality. These words were 
formerly pronounced long, active like alive ; 
fertile like revile; but since the pronunciation 
has been altered, the spelling should, and 
and sooner or later, must follow. Thousands 
of final c's have been retrenched within the 
last two hundred years ; and thousands yet 
remain that are not only useless, but a very 
great injury to every man who must learn, 
or practise reading, writing, or printing. 
Within two hundred years we have dropt 
full one sixth part of all the letters formerly 
used in spelling, and the reformation is still 
going on silently but efficiently. The evi- 
dent and constant course of the language is 
toward simplicity and uniformity. It is now 
recommended by a bold and free writer of 
London, to drop all silent letters, to spell 
simples and compounds alike, and in short, 
to make the best and most economical use 
of the al/abet, which is the grand rule 
of orthogra/y. The Spanish have made a 
most useful reform in their language, and it 
is approved by all the world ; but the Eng- 
lish seem unwilling to profit by that good 
example. 

Yours most cordially, 

John Saxon. 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 195 

LETTER 53- 

New-York, Dec. 10, 1827. 
My dear Friend, 

Many of the present anomalies of our 
language were brought in bj the Normans, 
who came to England in the year 1066. 
One of the most prominent is the inserting 
of a/ before ch. The French sound of ch, 
is like our sh, and to prevent this sound, a 
/ was inserted, but you can observe the old 
and correct form remaining in detach, attach, 
lecher, rich, which, Rochester, such, much, and 
wherever two vowels come before the ch, as, 
teach, speech, touch, (which should be tuch,) 
treachery, roach, brooch, crouch. In these and 
similar forms the t has not crept in, and why 
it should be retained in witch, switch, and 
not in which, rich, is not easy to say, on any 
principle of analogy, or consistency. To 
reject t, in all cases before ch, would be to 
return to primitive correctness ; and, as in 
other cases, would save time and money in 
teaching and learning. The benefit of a 
reform becomes more apparent, when we 
consider the multitude of people, from Alas- 
ka to New Holland, that will in a few years 
speak the English language. They will soon 
amount to a hundred millions, and to each 
individual the advantage would be equally 
important. 

Very sincerely your friend, 

John Saxon. 



196 PRACTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY, [PART VI. 
LETTER 54. 

New-York, Dec. 18, 1827. 
My dear Friend, 

The termination s, o, m, e, in English, as 
has often been remarked, is not the word 
some, but the Saxon s, u, m, or s, o, m, and the 
final c has been added by mistake. Bailey's 
folio Dictionary, that great and learned work, 
omits the final e in sixteen adjectives of this 
class, such as, burdensom, cumbersom, fulsom, 
gladsom, irksom, lothesom, noisom, quarrelsom, 
wearisom. The final e is commonly omitted in 
buxom, (buclc-som, J\I^) transom, ransom ; tho 
Johnson spells ransome with the e. In this he 
is not generally followed, but expressly con- 
demned by some of the best lexicographers. 
With equal reason they might object to 
the e final in every word of this class, and 
it is to be hoped that Bailey's authority may 
prevail; and that the useless final letter, 
which has crept in by mistake, contrary to 
etymology, may be rejected from the whole 
class. Every thing that abridges the labor 
of the pen deserves attention, and if on a 
careful examination it is found to be right, 
it should be adopted. The maxim of Frank- 
lin, that " Time is money" seems to be for- 
gotten, while we are perpetually writing a 
multitude of useless letters. But it is said 
that Johnson's Dictionary has fixed the form 
of our language, and that we ought not to 
alter. That is a mistake. No living Ian- 



PART VI.] EXERCISES FOR DICTATING. 197 

guage ever was or can be fixed. Language 
is constantly progressing, and a multitude of 
Words are spelt at present differently from 
Johnson's Dictionary. The final k was re- 
jected in Martin's Dictionary before John- 
son wrote, and is at present scarcely ever 
found, except in monosyllables, in " a num- 
berless majority "of good publications; and 
thousands of common and useful words have 
come into use since Johnson's time. John- 
son did not attempt to fix the orthography, 
or suppose he had done so. He says ex- 
pressly that he left every author's spelling as he 
found it, that the public might balance suffrages, 
and judge between them. What is right ought 
to be preserved, what is wrong ought to be 
rejected. We ought to cultivate our lan- 
guage, to supply its defects, and prune it of 
its redundancies. Nothing so much opposes* 
useful improvements as a blind adherence to 
customs long established, and often wrong> 
Every one complains of the difficulty, and 
even absurdity of our orthography, and yet 
few, if any, have courage enough to spell 
right, even when they know what right is. We 
should, to be sure, be very careful not to do 
too much, but a constant and efficient im- 
provement is silently reforming our lan- 
guage, and we may hope to see it, at some 
future time, much improved. 

Your faithful friend, 

Arthur Stevenson. 



r2 



198 

APPENDIX. 

Containing Collections of Words of difficult, irregu- 
lar, and variable Spelling. With Notes. 



Of Words with the Prefixes en, 

The uncertainty and confusion occasion- 
ed by the promiscuous use of en and in, with 
their substitutes em and im, are the cause of 
much perplexity to the English scholar, 
from which our lexicographers have done 
little to relieve him. To the convenience 
of the poets we are indebted for the liberal 
application of them to verbs ; and to our 
taste for French etymologies we owe the 
choice of en and em in preference to in and 
im. The same unsettled use of in when ap- 
plied in a negative sense before adjectives 
and adverbs, and contrasted with un, is also 
an additional source of confusion; and this 
is increased by the almost unlimited use of 
the latter, compared with the more restrict- 
ed employment of the former. Thus, with- 
out either analogy or established usage for 
his guide, the learner is left to grope his 
way in the dark. With a view, therefore, 
of drawing his attention to the subject, so 
that he may feel his ground, rather than of 
attempting to give him a description of the 
road, the following list of words has been col- 
lected, and exhibited in such a way as to be at 
least a practical comment on these remarks. 



APPENDIX. 199 

In this list, as well as in the general collec- 
tion of words of* variable spelling, the words 
that are obsolete,ov least in use, are printed in 
the Italic character: but in marking the dis- 
tinction, the author has not always decided 
according to his own judgment; being less 
inclined to exercise his individual opinion 
than to balance the discordancies of the au- 
thorities which he consulted ; where those 
were equal, the two words in dispute are gen- 
erally both printed in the Roman character. 

Mr. Booth, in his 'Introduction to an Ana- 
lytical Dictionary of the English Language,' 
says, "/ft and en are often confounded. The 
Greek and French preposition era corresponds 
with our in, but in English the words ought to 
be distinguished, which can be done with ac- 
curacy and ease. In signifies situation, and 
originally must have meant the particular spof 
where a thing was situated. In this sense it may 
always be explained by the wordplace,\\hich 
without injury to the meaning of the sentence, 
may be substituted in its stead, /ra is also used 
to signify time, and when so used, the word 
time will always be completely equivalent 
From these definitions, the distinction be- 
tween in and en will be evident. To inclose, 
will signify to close in, or to close aplace, and to 
enclose, will be simply to make close; to inquire, 
will be to seek in, or to search the place, and to en- 
quire, will be to make search. This distinction 
is, however, not attended to by the generali- 
ty of writers, as they use indifferently either 
the in or en prefixed to verbs. 



200 APPENDIX. 

" In, as a prefix, also marks negation. It was 
used by the Romans in this privative manner, 
when joined to nouns or participles, and is 
equivalent to the word not ; as indecent, is not 
decent, intemperate is not temperate, and so of 
others. 

" Synonimous with the negative in is the 
prefix un. When in or un is annexed to 
verbs, it does not only signify that the action 
is not performed, but that it is reversed. To 
ravel is to twist and confuse ; to unravel is to 
separate what has been raveled. 

"£wissometimes,in composition, spelt cm, 
and in is spelt ig, il, im, or ir, according to the 
various initials of the words to which the pre- 
fix is joined ; and these irregularities depend 
on the supposed ease in pronunciation, from 
a more pleasing coalescence of sounds: Thus 
embattle, ignoble, illegal, improper, and irresolute, 
are used for enbattle, innoble, inlegal, &c." 

Martin always prefers the in and im in 
these prefixes. Modern practice common- 
ly chooses en and em, probably from the ease 
of writing an e rather than an i, which al- 
ways requires the pen to be lifted, before 
the letter is finished. The same reason that 
has nearly deprived us of the useful s hard, 
ezzard, zed, or ze. Several of these words 
are found only in Martin and Ash. Those 
which are clearly from the Latin, have in in 
preference to un, and those from the Saxon, 
un rather than in. 





APPENDIX. 


* 


Words with the prefixes en 9 in, and un. 


EN 


IN 


UN 


Enable 


Inable, M. 


Unable 




Inability 


Unability, M. 




Inaccessible, M. — 


Unaccessible 




Inaccurate 


Unaccurate 




Inactive, M. — 


Un active 




Inactivity 






Inadmissible 






Inaffectedly 


Unaffectedly 




Inalienable 


Unalienable 




Inalterable 


Unalterable 




Inamiable 


Unamiable 


Enamor 


Inamor, M. — 






Inanimate 


Unanimated 




Inapplicable 


Unapplicable 




Inapposite 






Inarticulate 






Inartificial 


Unartificial 




Inattentive 


Unattentive 




Inaudible 






Inauspicious 


Unauspicious 


Encage 


Incage 
Incalculable 




Encamp 


Incamp, M. — 






Incapable, M. 


Uncapable, M. 




Incapacious 






Incapacitate 






Incapacity 


* 




Incarcerate 




Encase 


Incase 


Uncase, M. 




Incautious 


Uncautious 




Incertain 


Uncertain 




Incertitude 


Uncertainty 




Inchamber 




Enchain 


Inchain, M. — 




Enchant 


Inchant, M. — 




Dis-enchant 


Dis-inchant,M. — 






Inrharitable 


Uncharitable 


Enchase 


Inchase, M. — 




Encircle 


Incircle, M. 





201 



202 


APPENDIX. 




Encisted 


Tncisted l 






Incivil 


Uncivil 




Incivility 


Uncivility 


Enclasp 


Inclasp 


Unclasp 


Encline 


Incline 


t 


Encloister 


Incloister, M. — 




Enclose 


Inclose, M. — 


Unclose 


Enclosure 


Inclosure, M. — 

Include 

Inclusive 

Incommode 

Incommodious 


Dis-closure 




Incommunicable 


Uncommunicated 




Incompact 


Uncompact 




Incomparable 




Encompass 


Incompass, M. 






Incompassionate 


Uncompassionate 




Incompatible 






Incomplete 


Uncomplete 




Inconditional 


Unconditional 




Inconformity 


Unconformity 




Inconscionable 


Unconscionable 




Inconscious 


Unconscious 




Inconstant, M. 


Unconstant 




Incontrolable 


Uncontrolable 2 Af. 




Incorrect 


Uncorrected 




Incorrupt 


Uncorrupt 


Encounter 


In counter, M. — 




Encourage 


Incourage, M. — 


Dis-courage 


Encrease 


Increase 


De-crease 




Increated, M. — 


Uncreated 


Encroach 


Tncroach, M. — 




Encrust 


Incrust 




Encumber 


Incumber 


Disencumber 


Encumbrance 


Incumbrance 
Incur 


. 


Endamage 


Indnmage, M. — 




Endanger 


Indanger, M. — 





t See cist in the general collection of variable words. 

3 The primitive of this word has eight forms, controle, contronl, 
control, controll, and comptrole, comptroul, ccmptrol, comptroll. The 
first is best, and from it Martin gives controlablt and uncontrolabU. 






Endear 


AJFFJENDIX. 

Indear, M. — 


XiU 


Endearment 


Iudearment 




Endeavor 


Indeavor, M. 






Indeclinable 


Undeclined 




Indemonstrable 


Undemonstrable 




Indeterminable 


Undeterminable 




Indevout 


Undevout 




Indeterminate 


Undeterminate 


Endict 


Indict, M. — 




to accuse before a 


to accuse before a 




court of justice. 


court of justice. 




Endicter 


Indicter 




an accuser. 


an accuser. 




Bridie trnent 


Indictment 




an accusation. 


an accusation. 




Endite 


Indite 




to draw up, or com- 


to draw up or com- 




pose. 


pose. 




Enditer 


Inditer 3 




a composer, a writer. 


a composer, a writer. 






Indistinct 


Undistinguished 




Individed 


Undivided 




Indivisible 




Endorse 


Indorse, M. — 




Endow 


IndoWy M. — 




Endue 


Indue 




Endure 


Indure, M, 
Inedited 






Ineffectual 


Uneffectual 




Inefficacious 






Ineloquent 






Inelegant 






Inelastic 


Unelastic - 




Inept 


Unapt 




Ineptitude 


Unaptness 




Inequal 


Unequal 




Inequality 






Inequitable 


Unequitable 




Inerringly 


Unerringly 




Inexcusable 


Unexcusable 



3 This arrangement may be useful in settling the orthography and 
application of these words, which appear to have been little attended 
to in our Dictionaries. 



204 



APPENDIX. 



Enfamish 

Enfeeble 

Enfeoff 



Inexhaustible 

Inexpected 

Inexpedient 

Inexperienced 

Inexpert 

Inexpiable 

Inexplicable 

Inexpressible 

Inexpressive 

Inextinguishable 

Infeeble 
Infeoff 

Infertile 
Infertility 

Infix 

Inflame, M. — 

Inflate 

Infold 

In force, M. — 

Inform 

Infortunate, M. 

Infranchise, M. 

Infrequent 

Ingender, M. — 

Ingage, M. — 

Ingine 

Ingineer, B. 



Unexhausted 

Unexpected 

Unexpedient 

Unexperienced 

Unexpert 

Unexpiated 

(inexplicable 

Unexpressible 

Unexpressive 

Unextinguishable 



Unfertile 



Unfix 



Unfortunate 
Unfrequent 



Enfetter 
Enflame, M. 

Enfold 
Enforce 
Enform, C. 

Enfranchise 

Engender 

Engage 

Engine 

Engineer 

Engird 

Engirt 

Engorge Ingorge, M. 

Engraft Ingraft 

Engrapple 

Engrain Ingrain 

Engrave Ingrave, M. 

Engross Ingross, M. 

Engulf Ingulf 5 M. 

4 See Mr. Walker's Dictionary, on graff and graft. 
6 Chalmers and Walker are both inconiistcnt in the spelling of thi* 
word and its primitive. See Rules page 18. 



APPENDIX. 



205 



Enhance 



Enjoin 
Enjoy 

Enkindle 

Enlard 

Enlarge 

Enlighten 

Enlist 

Enliven 

Enmesh 

Ennoble 



Enquire 

Enquiry 

Enrage 

Enrich 

Enrobe 

En role 

Enrolement 



Inrole, M. — 
Inrolement 
Immeasurable 
Immovable 
Iramethodical 
Imraask 
Immingle 
I Im paradise 

« Johnson's Dictionary has inquire, but 
usual form is enquire, and so, in his preface, 
frequently. 

S 



Inhale 

Inhance 

Inhold 

Inhospitable,M. • 

Injoin, M. — 

Injoy, M. — 

Injustice 

Inkindle 

Inlard 

Inlarge, M. 

Inlighten 

Irilist 

Inliven 

Immesh 

Innavigable, M. 

Innoxious 

Inobservant 

Inobservable 

Inoffensive 

Inoperative 

Inorganic 

Inorganized 

Inquiet 

Inquietude 

Inquire 6 
Inquiry 
Inrage, M. • — 
Inrich, M. 



Unhospitable 
Unjust 



Unnavigable 

Unnoble, C. 

Unobnoxious 

Unobservant 

Unobservable 

Vnoffensive 

Unoperative 

Unorganized 

Unquiet 

Unquietness 



Unrobe 
Unrole 

Unmeasurable 

Unmovable 

Unmethodical 

Unmask 

Unmingled 

Unparadise 

he remarks that the more 
he writes it uniformly and 



20b 


APPENDIX. 




Ensample 


Impolite 


Vnpolite 


Ensanguine 








Insecure 


Unsecure 




Inseparable 


Unsep arable 




Inshelter 


Unsheltered 


Enshield 




Unshielded 


Enshrine 


Inshrine 






Insignificant 


Vnsignificant 


Enslave 


Inslave, M. — 






Insincere 


Unsincere, M. 




Insociable, M. 


Unsociable 


Ensnare 


Insnare 






Instable 


Unstable 


Enstal 


Instal 




Ensue 


Insue 






Insufferable 


Unsufferable 




Insutable 


Unsutable, 8 M. 


Ensurance 


Insurance 7 




Ensure 


Insure, M. 






Insusceptible 


Unsusceptible 


Entail 


Intail, M. — 




Entangle 


Tntangle, M. 






Intangible 


Untangible 




Int enable 


Untenable 


intendment 


Intendment, M. 




interchange 


Interchange 




Entercourse, M. 


Intercourse, M. — 




Enterlace 


Interlace, M. — 




Enterline 


Interline 




Enter plead 


Interplead 




Enthral 


Inthral 




Enthrone 


Inihrone 




Entice 


Intice 




Entire 


Intire 




Entitle 


Intitle 


Untitled 


Entomb 


Intomb, M. — 






Intractable 


Untractable 



7 Insure and insurance M. are not in Walker's Dictionary. 

8 Martin writes these words without the i. 



APPENDIX. 



207 



Entranse, Wb. 

Entrap 

Entreague 9 M. 

Entreat 

Entrench 

Entrust 

Entwine 

Entwist 

Enumerate 

Enveigle 

Envenom 

Envelop 

Environ 

Envite 

Enure 

Envoice « ° M. 



Enwrap 
Enwreathe 



Intrance 

Intrap, M. — 

Intrigue, M. — 

Intreat, M. — 

Intrench, M. — 

Intrust, M. — 

Intwine 

Intwist 

Innumerable 

Invaried 

Inveigle 

In venom, M. — 

Invelop 

Inviron, M. — 

Invite, M. — 

Inure, M. 

Invoice 

Inutlerable 

Invulnerable 

In wrap 

Inwreathe 



Untwist 

Unnumbered 

Unvaried 



De-velop 



Unutterable 
Vnvulnerable 

Un wreathe' • 



9 Entreague, intreague, intrigue, Martin. 

i o Envoyce, Martin. 

l i See Walker's principles of pronunciation, under th« letter th. 

See Letter 20 on this class of words. 



REMARKS. 

This is the most difficult chapter in orthography. 
Opinions are various and practice is discordant : more of 
these words are therefore left in the Roman character than 
the editor, independent of his authorities, would have 
chosen, but this perspicuous arrangement will enable the 
reader to choose for himself. 



ZOO APPENDIX. 

Words with the Prefixes em and im. 


Erabale 


Imbale 


Embalm 


Imbalm, M. — 


Embank 


lmbank, M. — 


Embarras 




Embargo 


ImbargOyM. — 


Embark 


Imbark, M. — 


Em base 


Imbase, M. • — 


Embathe 


Imbathe, C. — 


Embattle 


Imbattle, M. — 


Embay 


Imbay 


Embedded 


Imbedded 


Embellish 


Imbellish, M. 


Embezzle 


Imbezzle, 1 M. 


Embibe 


Imbibe, C. — 


Embitter 


Im bitter, M. 


Emblazon - 


Imblazon 


Embody 


Imbody, M. — C- 


Emboli, C. 


Imboil, C. — 


Embolden 


Imbolden, M. — C 


Emborder 


Im border, M. — 


Embosk 


I m bosk, C. — 


Emboss 


Imboss, M. — > 


Embosom 


Imbosom 


Embottle 


Imbottle 


Embound 


Imbound, C. — 


Embowel 


Imbowel 


Embower 


Imbower 


Embox 


Imbox, C. — 


Embrace 


Imbrace 


Embrocate 


Imbrocate 


Embroider 


Imbroider 


Embroil 


Imbroil 


Embrown 


Imbrovrn, C. - — 


Embrue 


Imbrue, M. C. — » 


Embryon 


Imbryo 


Embue 


Imbue 


Emburse 


I m burse, C. ■— 


Emerge 





Immerge 

l lmbezel and imbezle, Martin.. 



APPENDIX. 



209 



Emersion 

Emigrate 

Emission 

Emit 

Em pair 

Empale 

Empannel 

Emparadise 

Empark 

Em parlance 

Empassion, C. 



Em peach 

Emplead 

Employ 

Emploiment 2 

Empoison 

Erapoverish 

Empower 

Empress 

Emprison 

Emprove, M. 

Empurple 

Dis-embogue 



Immersion 

Immigrate 

Immission 

Immit 

Impair, AT. 

Impale, M. 

Impannel, M. — 

Imparadise 

Impark, M. 

Imparlance 

Impassion 

Impassioned 

impeach 

Implead 

Imploy, M. — A, 

fmploiment, Peahson. 

Imprison 

Impoverish 

fmpower 

Impress 

Imprison, C. -— 

Improve 

Impurple, M. 

Dis-imbogue, M, — 



2 Emploiment— Pearson (on the creed m!662) spells this word mi- 
plot'ment. Analogy requires i and not y in emploiment and enjoiment. 
Raiment with ay, (rayment) would look very antiquated, but it is quite 
as good as payment, (paiment ) Enjomment, raiment, merriment, 
complement, accompaniment, hardunent, and many others with i, 
show the rule with sufficient clearness. Rejoice and invoice have lost 
they, tho they formerly had it, and y is rapidly yielding to its substi- 
tute i, in the middle of words, in general practice. It is well that it i» 
so. It would be a good rule never to use y in the middli|? of a word. 
Y will finally be omitted entirely in such cases, except perhaps before 
ing, as in delaying, dying. Two i% never come together in English, 
tho there seems no good reason for the prohibition; for if we were ac- 
customed to them, they would be better than our present form. Such 
words as saing, deleting, displaing, if authorized, would be as good as 
going, being, swing ; and the orthography of this numerous class of 
words would be simplified by omitting y altogether, in derivatives. 

s2 



210 



APPENDIX. 



Words with the Terminations ant } ance } or ancy <j 
ent 9 ence, or ency. 

The spelling of words of this class can 
seldom be determined by the pronunciation; 
and it was thought that a collection of the 
most useful of them arranged alphabetically, 
might be of service. It is hardly necessary 
to say that the substantive generally follows 
the orthography of the adjective, as, Aber- 
rant, Aberrance, Aberrancy ; Brilliant, Bril- 
liancy, &c. To include them would enlarge 
the collection without adding to its utility.* 



Words in ant, ent, &c. 



Aberrant 

Abhorrent 

Absorbent 

Abstinent 

Abundant 

Accordant 

Acescent 

Acquiescent 

Adherent 

Adjacent 

Admittance 

Advertence 



Affluent 

Antecedent 

Apparent 

Appealant 1 

Appellant 

Appearance 

Appertment 2 

Appertenence 

Applicant 

Appurtenant 

Arborescent 

Ascendant 3 



Ascendency 
Aspirant 
Assailant 
jAssistant 
Attendant 
'Audience 
Benevolent 
Brilliant 
Buoyant 
Cadence 
Circumambient 
Circumfluent 



* "The Latin ens signifies being; the it or thing which exists. 
Hence it was used to form the present participle in that language, as 
docens and amans, which express existing, or being, in the state of a 
teacher or a lover. Our words in ent or ant, and ence or ance, are 
from this source. Both denote being or state ; the former being appli- 
ed to constitute adjectives, and the latter substantives. Thus abun- 
dant is the quality of existing in abundance, which is the name given 
to such a state of existence." Booth's Introd. 

i Appealant, tho more agreeable to analogy, is less in use than 
appellant. 

2 Appurtenentandappertinance are irregular. See general list. 

3 Ascendant and ascendency are also anomalous. 



APPENDIX. 



2J1 



Claimant 

Clement 

Cognizance 

Coherent 

Coincident 

Combatant 

Competent 

Complaisant 

Complacent 

Compliant 

Concomitant 

Component 

Concordant 

Concurrent 

Condolence 

Conference 

Confidant 4 s. 

Canfident s. & a. 

Conflagrant 

Confluent 

Congruence 

Connivance 

Conscient 

Consentient 

Conservant 

Consistent 

Conspirant 

Consonant, a letter 

Consonant, 

agreeable. 
Constituent 
Continent, the 

main land. 
Continent, chaste. 
Convalescent 
Convenient 
Conversant 
Corpulent 
Correspondent 



Couchant 

Covenant 

Countenance 

Credent 

Crescent 

Currant, a fruit. 

Current, a stream. 

Decumbent 

Defendant 

Deference 

Defiance 

Deficient 

Delinquent 

Demulcent 

Deobstruent 

Dependence 

Dependence, J. — 

Dependent 

Deponent 

Descendent 5 

Descent 

Despondent 

Different 

Diffident 

Discordant 

Discutient 

Disobedient 

Disputant 

Dissonant 

Distant, remote. 

Distent, breadth. 

Disturbance 

Dominant 

Dormant 

Efficient 

Efflorescent 

Effluent 

Emigrant 

Emanent 



Eminent 

Emollient 

Equivalent 

Errant 

Esculent 

Evanescent 

Evident 

Excrescent 

Existent 

Exorbitant 

Expectant 

Expedient 

Extant, now in 

being. 
Extent, space. 
Exuberant 
Feculent 
Fervent 
Flagrant 
Flatulent 
Flippant 
Fluent 
Fragrant 
Fraudulent 
Governance 
Herbescent 
Ignorant 
Immanent 
Imminent 
Impatient 
Impellent 
Impendent 
Impenitent 
impertinent 
Important 
Impotent 
Improvident 
Imprudent 
Impudent 



4 This word is anglicized from the French. It has no derivatives. 

5 Descendant and its derivatives are a redundancy. 



212 



APPENDIX. 



Inadvertent 

Incessant 

Incident 

Incipient 

Incoherent 

Incompetent 

Incongruent 

Inconsistent 

Inconstant 

Incontinent 

Inconvenient 

Incumbent 

Independent 

Indifferent 

Indignant 

Indolent 

Inefficient 

Inexistent 

Inexpedient 

Inference 

Influence 

Ingredient 

Inhabitant 

Inherent 

Inheritance 

Inobedient 

Insolent 

Insolvent 

Instant 

Insufficient 

Integrant 

Intendant 

Intermittent 

Intolerant 

Irrelevant 

Irreverent 

Itinerant 

Jacent 



Jurisprudent 

Lieutenant 

Luxuriant 

Maintenance 

Malevolent 

Malignant 

Mellifluent 

Militant 

Mollient 

Obedient 

Observant 

Occident 

Occurrence 

Omnipotent 

Omnipresent 

Omniscient 

Opponent 

Opulent 

Ordinance 

Orient 

Ornament 

Participant 

Patent 

Patient 

Peasant 

Pedant 

Pendant, a jewel 

Pendent, hanging 

down . 
Penitent 
Permanent 
Perseverance 
Pertinent 
Pestilent 
Petulent 
Piquant 
Pleasant 
Pliant 



Poignant 

Potent 

Precedent, a rule. 

Precedent, going 
before. 

Precipitant 

Predominant 

Pre-eminent 4 

Pre-existent 

Preference 

Pregnant 

Preponderant 

Prescience 

Presence 

President, a gover- 
nor. 

Prevalent 

Proficient 

Prominent 

Protestant 

Protuberant 

Provident 

Prudent 

Pubescent 

Puissant 

Pursuivant 

Purulent 

Putrescent 

Quadrant 

Quiescent 

Quintessence 

Quittance 

Quotient 

Radiant 

Raiment 

Rampant 

Recipient 

Recumbent 



« Intendant and superintendent are anomolous. Better intendent. 

7 Pre-eminent and Pre-existent are hyphened in Walker, as a guid* 
to the pronunciation. 



APPENDIX. 



213 



Recurrent 

Recusant 

Redundant 

Reference 

Refluent 

Regnant 

Relevant 

Reluctant 

Remembrance 

Remittance 

Repellent 

Repentant 

Repugnant 

Resident 

Resistance 

Resolvent 

Resonant 

Resplendent 

Respondent 

Reverent 

Riddance 

Ruminant 

Sapient 

Semblance 

Sergeant 8 



Servant 

Sextant 

Silent 

Solvent 

Stagnant 

Stimulant 

Student 

Subjacent 

Subsequent 

Subservient 

Subsistent 

Succulent 

Sufferance 

Sufficient 

Superabundant 

Supereminent 

Superincumbent 

Superintendent 9 

Supernatant 

Suppliant 

Sustenance 

Sycophant 

Temperance 

Tenant 

Tolerant 



Torrent 

Transcendent 

Transient 

Translucent 

Transparent 

Transplendent 

Trident 

Triumphant 

Truant 

Turbulent 

Unguent 

Utterance 

Vagrant 

Valiant 

Vehement 

Verdant 

Vicegerent 

Vigilant 

Violent 

Virulent 

Visitant 

Volant 

Warrant 



8 Sergeant. In Baley's folio Dictionary, about a hundred years 
ago, a misprint crept into the definition of coif or quoif, " the cap of a 
ser/eant at Law," and this has been faithfully copied bv nearly or 
quite every dictionary since printed. If it is to be spelt with aj, then 
there is no use of the e, which was put in to soften the g\ Serjant 
would be a good form of the word, analogous to servant which was, 
according to Gilchbist, originally the same word. 

„ See note on intendant. 



214 



APPENDIX. 



Words with the terminations ceous, cious, and tious, 



The pronunciation of these terminations 
is uniformly shus, and therefore the spelling 
of the words compounded with them cannot 
be determined by the ear. Those which 
are most in use are here collected ; and of 
them it may be observed, that ceous relates 
to the nature and properties of things : as 
cetaceous, {cete, Lat. a whale,) of the whale 
kind ; micaceous, {mica, Lat. a genus of a min- 
erals,) of the nature of mica, easily separa- 
ble ; saponaceous, (sapo, Lat. soap,) having 
the properties of soap. Cious and tious 
commonly refer to actions or affections of 
the mind ; as, avaricious, facetious, officioits, 
superstitious, fyc. 



Adscititious 
Adventitious 
Ambitious 
Arenaceous 
Argillaceous 
Audacious 
Auspicious 
Avaricious 
Butyraceous 
Capacious 
Capricious 
Captious 
Carbonaceous 
Cautious 
Cetaceous, of 
whale kind. 



the 



Cilicious, hairy. 

Contentious 

Contumacious 

Coriaceous l 

Cretaceous 1 

Cruslaceous 

Delicious 

Disputations 

Efficacious 

Fabaceous 

Facetious 

Factious 

Factitious 

Fallacious 

Farinaceous 

Factitious 



Filaceous 

Flagitious 

Ferocious 

Foliaceous 

Frumentaceous 1 

Fugacious 

Gracious 

Herbaceous 

Irreptitious 

Judicious 

Licentious 

Loquacious 

Linguacious 

Luscious 

Malicious 

Membranaceous 



Johnson, Walker, and Chalmers spell several of these words 
cious, contrary to analogy. 



APPENDIX. 



215 



Meretricious 

Micaceous 

Nutritious 

Officious 

Ostentatious 

Papilionaceous 

Pernicious 

Perspicacious 

Pertinacious 

Pomaceous 

Precious 

Precocious 



Propitious 

Pugnacious 

Rapacious 

Rosaceous 

Sagacious 

Saponaceous 

Seditious 

Sententious 

Setaceous, bristly. 

Siliceous, 2 flinty. 

Spacious 

Specious 



Superstitious 

Supposititious 

Surreptitious 

Suspicious 

Tenacious 

Testaceous 

Veracious 

Vexatious 

Vicious 

Vivacious 

Voracious 



2 In their (respective places in the dictionaries of Walker and Chal- 
mers, we find in the former, 

11 Cilicious, made of hair ;" and " Silicious, made of hair;" and in 
the latter, 

" Cilicious, made of hair ;" and " Siliciotts, made of hair. Flinty, 
full of stones." 

The present state of science, however, seem to claim a little more 
distinction for a derivative of silex ; and for this reason, as well as to 
avoid confusion, the above spelling, sanctioned by the writers on chi- 
mistry, has been adopted. 

For a full catalogue of these words, see Walker's "Rhyming Dic- 
tionary ," a much more useful work, both for orthography and pronun- 
ciation, than his pronouncing dictionary. 



216 



APPENDIX. 



Words with the terminations ize and ise. 

Authors and lexicographers vary so fre- 
quently in the orthography of words with 
these terminations, that chance is substitut- 
ed for settled usage, and confusion supplies 
the place of analogy. A collection of words 
mize and/se, from the standard dictionaries, 
has therefore been made, for the double 
purpose of showing where these authorities 
differ, and of exhibiting the most useful of 
this class of words in a connected series, 
for the accommodation of the student. Cor- 
rections proposed, are marked with an in- 
terrogation point, thus, comprize ? 



IZE. 



ISE. 

Advertise, b. j. c. w. 
Advise, b.j. c. w. 



Agatize, wb. 

Aggrandize, b. d. j. w. py. 

Agnize, b. d. j . w. c. 

Agonize, b. d. j. w. py. 

Alchymize, c. 

Alchimize, wb. 

Alcalize, wb. 

Alcoholize, b. br. f. w. c. 

Allegorize, b.m.d.j.w.py. 

Americanize, wb. 

Amortize, b. j. h. py. js. p. . Amortise,* w. 

i Amortise and amortization ! Walker. -\- 

This word was printed in Johnson's first abridgment amorise with- 
out the t. The * was a misprint also, as appears from the position of 
the word, s after z. Thiserror was corrected by Johnson inhis revision 
of his own work, but the small book being more convenient for a copier 
to handle than the large ones, no notice was taken by Mr. Walker of 
Johnson's correction, in this and several other instances. None of 
the editions of Johnson's Abridgment appear to have been collated 
with his own final revision of the great Dictionary, tbe quarto edition 
of 1777, which is the authority marked Jin this book. 



APPENDIX. 



217 



Anacephalize, b. d. 
Analogize, J. w. py. br. 
Analyze, 2 b. j. h. w. py. wb. 
Anatomize, b. d. j. w. py. c. 
Anagrammatize, b.o.j w.py. 
Anathematize, b. d. j. w . py. 
Anglicize, wb, 
Animalize, wb. 
Annalize, c. wb. 
Antagonize, b. j. w. 
Apologize, b. d.j. w. py. c. 
Apostatize, 3 b. j. w. py. c. 
Apostrophize, b. j. w. c. 
Apothegmatize, c. 
Apprize, to value, wb. 
Apprize,£o zn/bm.B.j.D.PY.c. 
[w. 

Aromatize, b. j. w. py. 
Assize, 3 b. d. j. w. py. c. 
Astrologize, j. w. py. c. 
Astronomize, c. 
Atticize, wb. 
Australize, j. d. py. c. 
Authorize, 4 b. j. w. f. c. 
Avize, wr. w. c. 
Baptize, b.m.d.j.w.py.c.wb. 
Barbarize, py. w. c. wb. 
Botanize, 5 wb. 
Brutalize, d. py. w. c. wb. 
Buffoonize, g. 

Canonize, b. m. d. w. py. c. 
Cantonize, b. m. d. j. w. c. 
Capsize, wb. 



Analyse, d. 



Anglicise, c. 



Apostatise, d. 

[c. f. py. 
Appraise, to value, b. d. j.w. 
Apprise, to inform, wb. 

Arise, b. j. c. w. 

Assise, m. 

Atticise, b. w. c. 

Authorise, m. wr.+ 
Avise, c. wb. 



2 Anah'ze, B. folio, and parah'ze, W b. 12 mo. are preferable by 
Rule 15. Analyze and analyser ! Harwood.-\- 

3 See Rule 15. 

4 Authorize and disauthorise, and unauthorised, Walker's Diction- 
ary. This contradiction, like many others, is copied from Johnson. 
Authorise, W. Rhyming Dictionary.-f- 

5 Botanize is neither in fValker nor Chalmers. 

T 



218 



APPENDIX. 



Carbonize, 6 wb. 
Carnalize, wb. 
Catechize, ba. a. 
Cauponize ? 

Cauterize, b. ivr. d. j . w. c.wb, 
Chameleonize, wb. 
Characterize, b. d. j. w. py. 
Chastize, b. J. abridgment. 
Christianize, j. w. wb. 
Cicatrize, b. m. d. j. w. c. 
Circumcize 
Citizenize, wb. 
Civilize, 8 b. m. d. j. w. c. wb, 
Colonize, 9 br. py. c. 
Colaphize, b. 
Comprize ? 1 9 

Contemporize, l « br. 

Criticize, b. folio. 
Crystaiize, wb. 
Crystallize, 1 1 d. w. py. 
Dastardize, br. wb. 



Catechise, b. m. d. j. w. 
Cauponise, wb. c. 



Characterise, c. 

Chastise, b. j. w. py. c. wb. 



Circumcise, b. j. w. 

Civilise, A= py. 
Colonise, j.- w. 

Comprise, b. j. c. w. 
Compromise, b. j. py. c. w. 
Contemporise, d.j.py.w.c.js. 
Covetise, j. [ch.wb. 

Criticise, j. w. py. 



Dastardise, b. j. w. py. 
Demise, b. j. w. 



6 Carbonize, theorize, emphasize, and many other good words are 
found only in Webster. 

7 Chastize, Johnson's abridgment : Chastise Johnson's quarto. 

8 Civilize and civilisation ! Fenning.-f- 

Tumer , s History has this word with z, through several pages, and 
then with s, and so alternately ! 

9 Johnson prefers s, but all his authorities have z / Such is often 
the case. 

i o Comprize with z, I do not find tho Bearcroft prefers it, on the 
authority of Chalmers. My copy, has s, but z is better in every 
case, where there can be a doubt. 

1 1 Messrs. Dyche, Johnson, Perry, Sheridan, Churchill, Jones, 
Walker, Chalmers, Entick, and Browne spell temporize and extemporize 
with z, and contemporise with s / Scott and Penning avoid the 
contradiction by omitting contemporize, and Allinson has temporise 
and contemporise with s, and extemporize with z! Barclay has uni- 
formly z, and in this, as in many other cases, shows his superior tact. 

i 2 In crystaiize, equalize, ffanquilize, &c. one 1 is better. See Per- 
ry's Rule and Webster's 4to. 



APPENDIX. 



219 



Demephitize, wb. 
Denarcotize,WB. 
Denationalize, c. wb 
Deputize, wb. 
Detonize, d. j. w. c. py. wb 

Dialogize, wb. 
Disauthorize, br. wb. 



Despise, b. j. w. 



Devise, b. j. w. 

Disauthorise, w.-[-j.-r- 
Disfranchise, - 1 8 w. 
Disguise, b. j. w. 
Divertise, 14 w. c. 



c. 



Dogmatise, 
Economise, py. 
Electrise, c. 



Enfranchise, 1 3 



Documentize, m. 
Dogmatize, b. j. w py. wb. 
Dramatize, wb. x 6 
Economize, c. wb. not in w 
Egotize, w. 
Electrize wb. 
Emphasize, wb. only ! 
Endenize, d. w. wb. 
Energize, c. w. 

Enterprize, b. d. a. 
Epicurize, c. 
Epistolize, c. 
Epitomize, b. 
Equalize, b. br. wb. 
Eternalize, b. w. c. 
Eternize, b. j + br. w.c. 
Eulogize, c. not in w. ! 
Evangelize, b. d. c. w. 

Exercize, b. folio under cap 

verses. 

\ 3 The last syllable is short, and the final e might be spared as in 
emphasis, and more than a hundred others. 

1 4 The last syllable is short in Walker, but accented, and conse- 
quently long in Chalmers. 

i 5 Dogmatise and dogmatizer ! Chalmers.-^- 
i 6 Dramatise is not in Walker or Chalmers. 

i 7 Walker has eternalize and eternize with *, in his Pronouncing 
Dictionary, and with s t in his Rhyming Dictionary ! 



Enterprise, m. j. wr. w. wb. 



Epitomise, d. j. wr. w. 
Equalise, d. wr. w. 
Eternalise, 17 j.+ wr.-J- 
Eternise, wr.+ 



Excise, b. j. c. w. 
Exercise, b. j. c. w. 



220 



APPENDIX. 



Exorcize, m. 
Extemporize, ,8 
Familiarize, d. j. w. py. c. 
Fertilize, d. j. w. py. c. 
Formalize, b, d. j. w. c. 

Fraternize, c. 
Gallicize, p. 

Galvanize, p. 
Gargarize, d. j. py. w. 
Genealogize, p.! 
Generalize, c. w. py. 
G£ntilize, c. 
Geometrize, w. c. 
Gluttonize, b. p. a. py. 
Gormandize, 2 ° d. j. w. py, 
Grammaticize, wb. 

Harmonize, d. j. w. py. 
Heathenize, c. 
Heavenize, c. „ 
Herbalize, d. wb. 
Herbarize, c. 
Herborize, wb. Gray. 
Humanize, b. d. j. \v. 
Idolatrize, d. w. py. wb. 
Idolize, b. d. j. w. py. 
Immortalize, b. d. j. w. py. 
Italianize, a. c. py. 
Italicize, wb. not in w. ! 
Journalize, d. c. not in w. ! 
Judaize, d. j. w. py. 
Latinize, d. j. w. py. 
Legalize, d. j. w. py. 
Liberalize, py. 
Magnetize, wb. 
Mainprize, b.= m.= h. w. 

i 8 See note on Contemporize. 



Exorcise, b. j. w. py. 



Franchise, ,6 w. 



Galliardise, b. w. 



Glutlonise, d. j. w. c« 

Grammaticise, c. 
Guise, b. d. j. c. 



Italicise, c. 



Mainprise, c. a. py. 



i 9 See note on Disfranchise. 
2 o Also gourmandize, gourmand, Fr. a glutton, Chalmers,. 



APPENDIX, 



221 



Melodise, wb. 12 mo. 
Merchandise, 22 w.-j- py. 

Methodise ,d. j.-fc- w. pv. 



Modernise, j. py c. 
Monarchise, j. w. c. A. py. 

Moralise, 2 3 c ^- 



Materialize, w. c. py. 
Melancholize, c. 
Memorize, w py. ws.[Todd. 
Memorialize, 21 wb. not in 
Melodize, not in Todd. 
Merchandize, b. m. 
Meteorize, b. c. 
Methodize, b. m. j. c. p. 
Mercurialize, c. 
Mineralize, wb. 
Miniardize, c. 
Modernize, br. w. 
Monarchize, wb. 
Monopolize, b. d. j. w. c. py. 
Moralize, b. d. j. w. py. 
De-moralize, c -{- wb. 
Mysterize, d. j. w. py. 
Mythologize, j. w. py. 
Nationalize, c. 
De-nationalize, wb. 
Naturalize, b. d. j. br. w. c. 
Organize, b. d. j. w. py. 
Dis-organize, c. not in w. ! 
Re-organize, p. not in w. ! 
Oxidize, p. 
Panegyrize, b. d. w. 
Paralyze, w. py. 
Paralogize, b. m. d. w. 
Partialize, w. py. 
Particularize, b. d. j. w. py. 
Patronize, b. m. p. A. wr. 
Peculiarize, c. 
Pedantize, c. 
Personize, c. 
Philologize, py. c. 
Philosophize,B. d. j. w. c. py. 

2 i Though this word is not found in Chalmers and Walker, yet a 
valiant officer in the army or navy would not like to lose his privilege 
of menorializing his sovereign, as a preliminary to his promotion for 
past services. 

22 Merchandize Walker with s, and under trader with z ! 

a 3 Moralise and demoralize ! Chalmers. 

t2 



Naturalise, wr. 



Patronise, d. j. br. w. 
Pedantise, b. 



222 



APPENDIX. 



Phlebotomize, d. j. c. py. 
Plagiarize, p. 
Platonize, c. wb. 
Poetize, d. j. 
Polarize, p. 
De-polarize, wb. 

Prize, b. d. j. w. 
Prophetize, j. w. 
Pulverize, j. wr. py= c. 
Puritanize, c. 
Pyritize, p. 
Realize, j. w. py. 
Recognize, b.m. wb. 



Reprize, b. A. 
Revolutionize, 25 wb. 
Rhetorize, c. 
Romanize, d. j. w/c. 
Royalize, d. j. wb. 
Satirize, d. j. br. py. wr. 
Sanctuarize, c. wr. 
Saxon ize, Bosworth. 
Scandalize, b. d. j. w. py. 
Schismatize, b. j. 
Scrutinize, b. d. j. w. 
Secularize, b. d. j. py. w. 
Sensualize, d. j. py. w. c. 
Sentimentalize, p. 
Sermonize, b. d. w. py. 
Severalize, c. 
Signalize, b. d. j. py. w. 
Singularize, j. py. 
Sirenize, c. 
Size, b. d. j. py. w. 
Solemnize, b. d. j. w. py. 



Phlebotomise, b. w. 



Poetise, b. 



Premise, b. j. w. 

Prophetise,c. 
Pulverise, 2 4 w,-j- 



Recognise, b. d. j. br.py. 
Revise, b. j. w. 
Rise, b. j. w. 
Reprise, p. w. 



Royalise, w. 
Satirise, 26 w.-j- 
Sanctuarise, wr. w. p \\ 



2 4 Pulverize, wr. pulverise, w. and pulverization, w ! 
2 5 This antimonarchiai word is not in Todd, 
2 6 Satyrize, Bailey. 



APPENDIX. 



223 



Sovereignize, c. 
Specialize, c. 
Spermatize, wr. w. c. py. 
Spiritualize, b. d. j. pt. w. 
Sterilize, d. j. w. 
Stigmatize, b. d. j. py. w. 
Subsidize, c. 
Subtilize, b. d. j. w. c. py. 



Surprize, 2 7 b. m. d. py. 

Sycophantize, b. m. d. 
Syllogize, b. j. py. c. w. 
Symbolize, b.d.j.m.py.c.w. 
Symmetrize, w. 
Sympathize, b. d. j. py. w. c. 
Symphonize c. 
Synonimize ? 2 8 

Synchronize, c. 
Syncopize, c. 
Systematize, w. c. py. 
Systemize, wb. 
Tantalize, b. d. j. py. 
Tartarize, b. d. j. w. 
Temporize 2 9 d. j. w. 
Thesaurize, b. 
Theorize, wb. only ! 



Supervise, b. d. j. w. 
Surmise, b. d. j. w. 
Surprise, m.= j. w. 
Survise, c. 
Sycophantise, d. br. c. py. 



Synonomise, j. h. s. 
Synonymise^B. d. w. py. c.ch. 
[a. js. 



Systematise, d. 



2 7 Johnson's Dictionary has s, but he wrote z in surprize. 

2 8 Synonimize. None of the dictionaries have z in tiiis word, tho 
it evidently ought to be in it, if in any word derived from Greek. The 
authors differ between o andy, in the third syllable. Fenning gives 
synonimous, synonima. Johnson has synonimes in his preface. Both 
sinonimous and anonimous, and all their cognates, would be better 
with i, by the 6th Rule. The spelling with o, insted of y was a mis- 
print in Johnson, as appears by the position of the word, o being 
placed after y, and this like many other mistakes, has been often 
copied. No authors are. free from errors of this kind. Martin, Bailey,' 
Ash, and Perry have done much towards correcting the language, but 
much more remains to be done. Dr. Webster will do more than all 
his predecessors. 

2 9 See note on Contemporize. 



224 



APPENDIX. 



Tranquillize, A. c. notin w. 
Tranquilize ? Perry's Rule. 
Tyrannize 
Uncivilize, w. 
Vaporize, wb. 
Verbalize, b. d. py. w. 
Villanize, b.j.py.w. 



Vocalize, c. 


Vocalise, w. 


Volatilize, b. j. py. w. c. 




Vulgarize, c. 




Warrantize, b. 


Warrantise, j. w. c.fr, py. 




Wise, w. 


Womanize 


Womanise, w. 


CE like ZE. 




Sacrifice 


Sacrifise, o. 30 


Suffice 


Suffise, o. 



Tyrannise, b. d. j. w.c. 



3^) The old spelling is less anomolous, according to the pronun- 
ciation, than the modern. 

From this review of these terminations, it appears that 
the great majority of words have z, which is to be pre- 
ferred in doubtful cases. Most of the authors seem not 
to know which form is right, or which is wrong. Out of 
three hundred, there are only thirteen or fourteen that 
are not better spelt with z, and it would be a useful im- 
provement to use z invariably. This class of words is 
constantly increasing, and almost every periodical publi- 
cation shows us new forms, especially as this termination 
is so frequently used in the popular sciences of Chimistry 
and Mineralogy ; where many may be found, which are 
not yet collected into dictionaries. 

The above list is nearly double of the original, and 
more might be added. Wherever Walker's authority is 
not quoted, the word is not in his book. A glance at 
these will show, how extremely defective is that work, 
which many suppose to be a perfect standard. More 
than ninety of these words will be sought in vain. 



APPENDIX. 



22b 



Words in which the final consonant is often improperly 
doubled. These words are corrected, by Rule 26, on 
the authority of WALKER, PERRY and WEBSTER, 
as explained in Letter 36. N. B. Where the words in 
the second and third columns are different, each one mav 
be repeated. 



Primitives. 


Regular Derivatives. 


Improper Forms. 


un-apparel 
barrel 


apparel ed 
barrel ed 


apparel 1 ed 
barrel 1 ing 


bevel 


bevel ing 


bevel 1 ed 


em-bowel 


bowel ed 


bowel 1 ing 


un-cancel 


cancel ed 


cancel 1 ing 




cancel ated 


cancel 1 ation 


carol 


carol ed 


carol 1 ing 


cavil 


cavil ed 


cavil 1 ing 




cavil er 


cavil 1 ation 




cavil ous 


cavil 1 ous 


channel 


channel ed 


channel 1 ing 


chizel * 


chizel ed 


chizel 1 ing 


council 


council or 


council 1 or 


counsel 


counsel ed 


counsel 1 able 




counsel ing 


counsel 1 or 


cudgel 
crystal 1 


cudgel er 
crystal ine 
crystal ine 
crystal ization 


cudgel 1 ing 
crystal 1 ite 
crystal 1 ized 
crystal 1 izable 


dial 


crystal ography 
dial ing 


crystal 1 ographer 
dial 1 ist 


dishevel 


dishevel ed 


dishevel 1 ing 


drivel 


drivel er 


drivel 1 ing 


duel 


duel ing 


duel 1 ist 




duel ed 


duel 1 er 


em-pannel 
eri-amel 


em-pannel ed 
en-amel ed 


em-pannel 1 ing 
en-amel 1 ing 




en-amel ar 


en-amel 1 er 


co-un-equal 


equal ed 


equal 1 ing 



i Many of these, being in other respects variable, are repeated in 
the general list, to show the authorities, which the reader is desired 
to consult. 



226 


APPENDIX. 




Primitives. 


Regular Derivatives. 


Improper Forms. 




equal ize 


equal 1 ity 


gambol 


gambol ed 


gambol 1 ing 


gospel 


gospel er 


gospel 1 ed 


gravel 2 


gravel ly 


gravel 1 ing 


grovel 


grovel er 


grovel 1 ing 


hansel 


hansel ed 


hansel 1 ing 


hatchel 


hatchel ed 


hatchel 1 ing 


hovel 


hovel ed 


hovel 1 ing 


housel 


housel ing 


housel 1 ed 


jewel 


jewel ed 


jewel 1 ing 




jewel er 


jewel 1 er 




jewel ery 


jewel 1 ery 




jewel ry 


jewel 1 ry 


un-kennel 


kennel ing 


kennel 1 ed 


kernel 


kernel ed 


kernel 1 ing 


label 


label ed 


label 1 ing 


laurel 


laurel ed 


laurel 1 ed 


level 


level er 


level 1 ing 


libel 


libel er 


libel 1 ing 




libel ous 


libel 1 ed 


marshal 


marshal ing 


marshal 1 ed 




marshal er 


marshal 1 eth 


marvel 


marvel ous 


marvel 1 ed 




marvel ing 


marvel I er 


new-model 


model er 


model 1 ed 




model ed 


model 1 ing 


nousel 


nousel ed 


nousel 1 ing 


parcel 


parcel ing 


parcel 1 ed 


pencil 


pencil ed 


pencil 1 ing 


pistol 


pistol ed 


pistol 1 ing 


postil 


postil ed 


postil 1 ing 




postil er 


postil 1 ion 


pulvil 


pulvil ed 


pulvil 1 ing 


pummel 


pummel ing 


pummel 1 ed 


quarrel 


quarrel er 


quarrel 1 ing 




quarrel ed 


quarrel 1 eth 


un-ravel 


ravel ed 


ravel 1 ing 


revel 


revel er 


revel 1 ed 



a In gravel-ly and grave-ly, the termination is simply added to the 
end of the words, as in all other cases. 





APPENDIX. 


25 


Primitives. 


Regular Derivatives. 


Improper Forms. 




revel ing 


revel 1 eth 




revel ry 


revel 1 ry 


re-victual 


victual er 


victual 1 ing 




victual ed 


victual 1 eth 


un-rival 


rival er 


rival 1 ed 




rival ry 


rival 1 ing 


rivel 


rivel ed 


rivel 1 ing 


rowel 


rowel ed 


rowel 1 ing 


shovel 


shovel er 


shovel 1 ing 




shovel ed 


shovel 1 eth 


shrivel 


shrivel ing 


shrivel 1 ed 


snivel 


snivel ing 


snivel 1 er 




snivel ed 


snivel 1 eth 


tassel 


tassel ed 


tassel 1 ing 


tinsel 


tinsel ing 


tinsel 1 ed 


un-trammel 


trammel ed 


trammel 1 ing 


tranquil 


tranquil ize 


tranquil 1 ity 


travel 


travel er 


travel 1 ed 




travel ing 


travel 1 eth 


tunnel 


tunnel ed 


tunnel 1 ing 


wool 


wool en 


wool 1 en 




wool ed 


wool 1 ed 




wool ly 




worship 


worship er 


worship p er 




worship ed 


worship p ed 




worship ing 


worship p ing 




worship eth 


worship p eth 


bias 


bias ed 


bias s ed 


un-bias 


bias ing 


bias s ing 


canvas 1 


canvas ed 


canvas s ed 


un-canvas 


canvas ing 


canvas s ing 


carcas ' 


carcas es 


carcas s es 


cutlas 


cutlas es 


cutlas s es 


compas 1 


compas ed 


compas s ing 




compas er 


compas s eth 


trespas 1 


trespas ing 


trespas s er 


atlas 


atlas es 




embarras w. 


embarras ing 


embarras s ed 




embarras ment 


embarras s ment 



228 


APPENDIX. 


"i 


Primitives. 


Regular Derivatives. 


Improper Forms. 


wagon 


wagon er, j. 


wagon n er, j. ab. 


benefit 


benefit ed, wb. 


bene fit t ed 




benefit ing 


benefit t ing 


bigot 


bigot ed, j.w. 


bigot t ed 




un-bigot ed 


un-bigot t ed, j. w. 


buffet 


buffet ed 


buffet t ed 




buffet ing 


buffet t ing 


cam let 


camlet ed, wb. 


camlet t ed, c. 


carburet 


carburet ed 


carburet t ed 


closet 


closet ed 


closet t ed 


rivet 


rivet ed 


rivet t ed 




rivet ing 


rivet t ing 



3 Unbigotted. This is one of the errors in Johnson, which Walker 
condemned, and yet — retained ! It also is in the New- York Stereotype, 
and Chalmers. 

4 Benefit. The reason of dropping the t of Jilted, when compounded 
with bene, is that the accent is changed to the first syllable. 

5 Wagon-ner, Johnson's Abridgment. This is one of the misprints 
which Johnson corrected in his great dictionary, fourth edition, but 
which Walker overlooked, and inserted the misprinted form in his 
dictionary, where it still stands even in the New-York stereotype edi- 
tion. 

prefer 
refer 

infer 

transfer 

suffer 



preferable,B.j.w.E.c. 
referable,!!, c. wb. 

inferible, u. c. wb. 

tranferable, w.wr.c. 
untranferable, c. 
sufferable,B.j.E.BR.w, 



referrible, b.j.d.js.e. 
referible, wr.[br.w.c. 
inferrible, w. js. mc. 
inferible, j.f e.br.c. 
transferable, e. wb. 
untransferrable,E.wB. 
[l2mo. 

These five words are all found in their proper form in Chalmers, 
but other authors appear to have copied from Bailey, and from each 
other, without attention to analogy. Of the Jour form6, one only can 
be right. Mr. Walker has three of them right, and Chalmers and 
Webster have corrected the other two ; Johnson, Chalmers, Barclay 
and Entick have three forms, and Entick and Webster's 12 mo. have 
the fourth; Mr. Walker has three forms, he altered one of Johnson's 
for the worse, and one of Entick's for the better. See his note on 
transferable, and Entick's Dictionary. 

REMARKS. 

More might easily be added to this list, but these are 
sufficient to illustrate the rule. It will be observed that 
the words in the third column are corrected by omitting 
the superfluous letter between the spaces. 



APPENDIX. 



229 



Words in which the letters F, L, N, S, are improperly 
doubled before i having the sound of y, or y consonant, as 
it is sometimes called. See Rule 23, and Letter 50. 



Primitives, 
ruf, Saxon. 
battel, old form. 
rascal 
gai or gala 
hale or haul 
ramp 

scalogna, Italian. 
medal 

stalon, French. 
rebel 

ball and yard 
bis-mille, hat. 

French. 

postil,post,.Lf. after 

French. 

mille, Lat. 1000 
tris-mille, Lat. 

French. 

pilus, Lat. hair 
model 
vermil 
cole or coal 

French. 

coglione, Italian. 
sculier, French. 

Gentoo? 

panis, Lat. bread 
rogne,or royne, Fr. 
trognon, Fr. 

Lat. 

Lat. 



Regular Derivatives. 

ruf ian 
battal ion, wb. 
rascal ion, j. py. 

gal iard 

ha! iards 
rampal ion 

seal ion 
medal ion 

stal ion 
rebel ion 

bil iards 

bil ion ; 

bril iant 
postil ion, py. 
cotil ion 

mil ion 

tril ion 
pavil ion, py.c 

pil ion 
modil ion, d. j. 
vermil ion, py. c 

col ier 

bul ion 

cul ion 

scul ion 

ban ian, wb. 

pan iers 

run ion 

trun ion 
abcis ion 1 
recis ion^M.j. 



Improper 

ruff 

battal 1 

rascal I 

gall 

hall 

rampal 1 

seal 1 

medal 1 

stal 1 

rebel 1 

bill 

bill 

brill 

postil 1 

cotil 1 

mill 

trill 

pavil 1 

pill 

modil 1 

vermil 1 

col 1 

bull 

cull 

scul 1 

ban n 

pann 

run n 

trun n 

abscis s 

rescis s ion 



Forms. 

an 

on 

on 

ard 

ards 

an, a J. 

on 

on 

on 

on 

ards 

on 

ant 

on 

on & on 

on 

on 

on 

on 

on & on 

on 

er 

on 

on 

on 

an, c. 

ers 

on 

on 

on 



i See General List. 
Ton would be a more analogical form of this word. 
U 



230 



APPENDIX. 



Words in 
rejected in 
which have 

Primitives. 
tithe 
shake 

rebuke 

sale 

reconcile 



inflame 
blame 

tame 

tune 

desire 

measure 

pleasure 



which the e final of the primitive, is properly 
derivatives before able. N. B. For those 
c and g, see note on Letter 33, page 170. 



Regular Derivatives, 
tithable, b. m. c. 
shakable, an. 
un-shakable, 1 w.- 
rebukable, c. 
un-rebukable,B.c. A. m- 
salable, 1 w.- 
unsalable, 1 w.~ 
reconcilable, c. 
irreconcilable, b. j. c 
irreconcilably, w.~ c. 
unreconcilable, w.- c 
reconcilableness, c. 
irreconciIableness,B.c. 
inflamable, an. 



Improper Forms, 
titheable, j. w.- 
shakeable 
un-shakeable, c. A. 
rebukeable, 
un-rebukeable 
saleable, b. m. j. c. 
unsaleable, m. c. 
reconcileable, b. j. c. 
irreconcileable,B.M.F. 
irreconcilably, b. 
unreconcileable, j. m. 
reconcileableness,B.c 



blamable,j. wb. 
unblamable, j. c, wb 
blamably, j. c. wb. 
blamableness, c. wb. 
tamable, w.- 
untamable, m.^- w. 
untamableness 
tunable, b. j. wb. 
untenable, j. wb. 
desirable, d. j. br. 
undesirable, j. b. 
measurable, j. wb. 
immeasurable, j. wb. 
unmeasurable, A. b. 
pleasurable, A. 
pleasurableness, A. 



irreconcileableness 
inflameable, b. j. 
inflammable, j. 
blameable, b. m. wb. 
unblameable, m.br.p. 
blameably 
blameableness, b. 
tameable,^ m. j. c> 
untameable,J. c.-jf- 
untameableness, a. 
tuneable, m. 
untuneable, m. 
desireable 
undesireable 
measureable [12 mo. 
immeasureable, wb. 
immeasurable, 
pleasureable, b. 
pleasureableness 



i See Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, p. xv. 

t Mr. Chalmers has forgotten his rule in tameable, hateable, chas- 
tiseable, appeaseableness, saleable, unsaleable unshakeable and lose* 
able. 





APPENDIX. 


231 


Primitives. 


Regular Derivatives. 


Improper Forms. 


appease 


appeasable, 2 b.c.wb. 


appeaseable 




appeasableness,B.WB. 


appeas^ableness, c.p. 




unappeasable, J. 


unappeaseable 


purchase 


purchasable, A.- 


purchaseable 


advise 


advisable, b« j. wb. 


adviseable, b. m. f. 




unadvisable, c. 


unadviseable 




advisableness, b. wb. 


advfceableness 


devise 


devisable, c. 


deviseable 


excise 


excisable, 3 m. c. 


exciseable, e. 


demise 


demisable, wb. 


demiseable 


despise 


despisable, b.br.j.e. 


despiseable, d. 




despisableness, b. 


despiseableness 


chastise 


chastisable, wb. 


chastiseable, c. 


lose 


losable, 4 an. 


loseable, j. wr. c. A. 


dispose 


disposable, c. 


disposeable 


oppose 


opposable, p. Nat. His. 


opposeable 


impose 


imposable, c. wb. 


imposeable, d. j. 


suppose 


supposable, b. m. j. 


supposeable 


excuse 


excusable, b. 


excuseable, m. 




inexcusable, b. j. 


inexcusable 




excusableness, b. c. 


excuseableness 


accuse 


accusable, b. j. 


accuseable 


refuse 


refusable, c. 


refuseable 


bate 


batable, b. br. wb. 


bateable 




abatable, wb. 


abateable, wb. small. 




debatable, j. wb. 


debateable 


hate 


hatable, an. 


hateable, c. 


palate 


palatable, c. 


palateable 




unpalatable, c. 


unpalateable 


rate 


ratable, j. py. c. 


ratable 


dilate 


dilatable, wb. 


dilateable 


taste 


tastable, c. 


tasteable 


sute, m. 


sutable, m. 


swtable, j. 


converse 


conversable, j. b. 


conversable, 



a Mr. Chalmers has appeasable and appeaseableness which he de- 
fines reconcileable and reconcileableness, making three contradic- 
tions ! !! 

3 Excisable and chastiseable ! Chalmers-^- 

« Loseable and provable ! Chalmers.-\- 

* Hateable and ratable ! Chalmers.-^- 



232 



APPENDIX. 



Primitives. 
reverse 



prove 



Regular Derivatives. 
reversable, an. 

irreversable, AN. 
movable, 7 g. wb. 
movably, c. 
raovableness, c. 
immovable, j. q. 
immovably, j. c. 
immovableness, c. 
immovability, c. 
irremovable, c. 
removable, j. w. c. 
unremovable, w. c. 
unremovableness, c. 
unremovably, c. 
immovable, c. 
amoval, c. wb. 
removal, j. c. w. 
provable, c. wb. 
provably, c. 
approvable, j. wb. 
improvable, j. w. c. 
iraprovably, j. w. c. 
improvableness,j.w.c 
improvability, c. 
irreprovable, c. 
irreprovably, c. 
reprovable, j. w. 
unimprovable, j. w. 
unimprovableness, j 
unreprovable, j.w.m. 
unreprovableness,AN 
approval, c. 
approvance, c. wb. 
disapproval, wb. 



Improper Forms. 

reversible, j. b. 
reverseable, m. 
irreversible, b. m. j. 
moveable, b. j. w. 
moveably, j. w. [br. 
moveableness, b.j. w. 
immoveable, b. w. 
immoveably, b. w. 
immoveableness, b. 
immoveability 
irremoveable, j. w. 
removeable, b. 
un re moveable, j. w. 
unremoveableness 
unremoveably, j. 
unmoveably, j. m. 
amoveal 
removeal 

proveable, j. w. py 
proveably 
approveable, f. 
improveable, b. 
im proveably 
improveableness 
iraproveability 
irreproveable, b.j.w. 
irreproveably 
reproveable, b. 
unimproveable 
unimproveableness 
unreproveable, b. 
unreproveableness, b. 
approveal 
approveance 
disapproveal 






« Conversable and reversible ! Johnson.-)- copied from Bailey. 

7 The words movable, provable and their compounds are con- 
tradictory in nearly all the Dictionaries. Chalmers has uniformly 
omitted the e, Bailey and Martin usually retain it, Johnson and 
Walker are about equally divided, having made as many contradic- 
tions as possible. Walker expressly approves of the e, in his Pronoun- 



APPENDIX. 



233 



Primitives. 
seize 
size 



Regular Derivatives. 
seizable, 8 m. c. a. 
sizable, 



m. c. w. 



sizableness, an. 



Improper Forms, 
seizeable 

sizeable, b.j.c.py.w. 
sizeableness, py. A. 



cing Dictionary, and disapproves of it, in his Rhyming Dictionary, 
where he has drawn out Dr. Johnson's contradictions, ten on one 
side, and nine on the other, and says he did not dare to alter them ! 
Johnson's authority is, therefore, the same as Walker's, where W. is 
not quoted. 

8 Sizeable and seizable ! Dictionaries. -f- 



A General Collection of Words of variable spelling, in 
which those of the best usage, are printed in Roman cha- 
racter, and those which are preferred, are placed in the 
first column. 



Abay, b. a. Rl 4. 
abayance, b. 
abbot, b. m. 
abby, d. c. Rl 7. 
abetter, j. c. Rl 18. 

abridgment, b. m. j. w. wb. 
acknowledgment,B.j. w.c.wb 
adjudgment, wb. 
judgment, b. j. c. Rl 23. 
misjudgment, c. 
prejudgment, an. 
lodgment, m. 
abcision ? Rl 23. 
recision, 3 m. j. w. 



abyss, j. wb. 
accessory, 1 b. d. j, wb. 



abet/, b.= 
abeyance, b.= 
abbat,B.= m.=. 
abbey, d.= wb. 
abettor, b. wb. 
abetor, m. 
abridgement, c. 
acknowledgement, todd. 
adjudgement, c .4- 
judgement, b.-J- w.-f- 
misjudgement 
prejudgement, c. 
lodgement, c.-J- J.-fr- w.-j. 
abscission, j. wb. 
rescission, m. Br. py. 
recission, h.— 
rescision, m= 
abys, m. 
accessary, m. d.-b.=j.= 



i I do not find acknowledgement with the e, in any dictionary but 
Todd's, tho Bearcroft prefers it. See Letter 34. 

2 Johnson has corrected recision, and abcision ought to follow an- 
alog}', as con- de- ex- in- pre- re- inter- circum-cision. See Letter 50. 

u2 



234 APPENDIX. 



accooter, wb. 12 mo. 

account, b.- j. c. Rl 24. 
accrue, M. b. j. Rl 12. 
acheve, 2 b. R124. 

acheveraent, Analogy. 

acronical, 3 M.Buewb. R123 

acronically, al. wb. 

acrostic, m. wb. py. buc. wr, 
distic, an. Rl 2, 

hemistic, wb. py. wr. 
hexastic, py. wr. d. 

pentastic, wr. 
monostic, an. 
actress, b. c. Rl 23. 
ado, m. adoo ? 
adultress, d. Rl 23. 
advoutry, J. c wb. Rl 8. 



abvouzen, A. 
advouson, 5 A. Rl 8. 
adz, wb. c. Rl 23. 

afraid, j. c. Rl 23 

agast, 1 b. m. j. A. wb. Rl 23, 



accouter, wb- 4to. 
accoutre 9 F r . 
accompt, j=s 
accrew ,b.= 
achieve, b. wb. 
atchieve, B.r= 
achievement, j. 
achievement, Br. 
.acronycal, j. 
acronychal, b. f. d. 
acronychally , f. 
acrony colly, a. c. 
, acrostick, B.-f- j.-f- h.+ 
, distichfC.-jrJ.X b. X h. X py. X 
hemistich, h. X [sr. 

hexastichjH.x 
hexastick, b. x c« x 
pentastick, h.x 
monostich,* py.x wr. 
actoress 
adoe, M.=s 
adulteress, j. c. 
advowtry, b.- 
advoutrie, b. 
avowtry, b. 
advowsen^B.s= Br. = 
advowson, j. c. 
adze, b. m. 
addice, b. m. j. 
affraid, b. 
aghast, b.= c. 
agazed, a.= 



i The distinction, sometimes attempted between the two forms of 
this word, is unauthorized and useless. 

2 Acheve, from the Fr. achever, is the proper spelling of this word, 
tho not the usual form. There is no t in the original. 

3 Omitted by S. W. Js. ! 

4 It will be observed that all these authors contradict themselves 
in this class of words. 

« Ash spells this word five ways advouson, advouzen, aduowson, 
advoiosen, advowxen. 



APPENDIX. 



235 



agouty, b. c. br. wb. Rl 6. 

agen, j. c. (Saxon.) Rl 23. 
aggroop, wb.- Rl 24. 

groop, wb.- 

ail, b. Rl 5. 

ailing, b. 

airy, hawk's nest, b.m. D.Br. c. 



aile, d. wb. Lat.ala, a wing, 
ile, j. br, d. Rl 23 
ake, 2 so headake, heartake 
toothake, boneake. 
aker, b. wb. 
alarm, b. g. 
alas, b. c. 

alcade, b. wb. Rl. 9. 
alcaly, 3 br. f. Rls 6, 13. 



caly, an. Rl 17. 
alcaline, b. Rl 17. 
alcalize, b. a. 17. 
alcalizate, b. 
alcahest, b. c. wb. Rl. 17. 



alcanet, an. Rl 17. 



agouti, p 

agoty, wb. 

again, b. c. wb.- 

aggroup, j. c. wb'. 

aggroupe, b. 

group, wb. 

ayl, b. 24th edition. 

ay ling, b. 

aerie, br. aire, b. 

eyry, j. d. br. eyrie, b. m. 

ayry, b. j. 

aisle, j. c. d.= wb. 

isle, b. j. d. 

ache, j. x c.x 

ach, d.= 

acre, j. wb. 

alarum, b. = 

alaSS, WAKEFIELD. 

alcaid, c. alcalde, b. 
alcali, b. m. 
alkaly, m. buc. 
alkali, j. c. wb. 
kali, c. 
alkaline, c. 
alkalize, wb. 
alkalizate, c. b.= wb. 
alkahest, b.= m. wb. 
alchaest, h. 
alkanet, c wb. 
alkannet, bs. ency. 



i The omission of silent h, in this word is right, and will authorize 
the correction of the following words of the same family. There is 
no h in the Saxon original. Gastful, gastfully, gastly, B. gastliness, 
gastness, B. gost, B. gostly, gostliness, gostlike, gasted. 

2 Walker specially prefers ake, (see k in his preface,) and gives 
headocA, heartocA, toothac/i, bellyac/iE, following Johnson. O^ Let 
it be remembered that I quote Mr. Walker's own Dictionary, for in the 
reprints these words vary. In Chalmers they stand thus, headacA, 
heartachE, toothac/iE, boneachR, bellyac/iE. Dyche follows Johnson, 
but omits bellyache. Such specimens of inconsistency are very fre- 
quent in all our Dictionaries. We hope for better things when Dr. 
Webster's great work appears. 

3 Alan Arabic particle, Bailey. 



236 



APPENDIX. 



alcanna, wb. Rl 17. 
alchimy, wb. 
akhimistj wb. 
alchimistry, wb- 
alchimical, wb. 
alcohol, b. wb. Rl 1 7. 

alcoran, b. c. buc. wb. 

coran, 3 an. Rl 17. 
alembic, j. wb. 

alien, d. wb. 
aliped, wb. Rl. 23. 
capriped, wb. 
biped, wb. 
quadruped, wb. 
soliped, wb. 
centiped, wb. 
railliped, 5 wb. w. 
palmiped, wb. 



alhenna, wb. 
alkenna, wb. 
alchymy, j. c. 
alchemy, A. 
alchymist, j. c. 
alchemist, h. 
alchymistry, j. w. 



alchymical, j. c. 
alchemical, p. 
alcahol, b. 
alchohol, m. 
alkohol, 2 encyc. 
alchoran, m. 
alkoran, encyc. wb. 
koran, c. wb. 
alembick, 4 c. 
limbeck, j. 
aliene, b. wb. 
alipede. b. 
capripede, b. 
bipede, o. 
quadrupede, o. 
solipede, wr. 
centipede, wr. 
millipedes, j. 
palmipede, wr. 



i So also chimisi, chimistry, &c Wb. These Arabic words should 
assume an English dress, which requires c beforea, o, u, and k before 
e, t, y. Al-chimistry with i is given on the authority of Dr. Webster, 
but not his old dictionary. In French and other languages of Europe 
it is i, and this nearly agrees with Johnson ; i and y being substitutes 
for each other. See" Walker on Chymist. The ch in these words 
would have been better k, kimist,kimistry, like al-kermes, al-kekengy. 

2 Brewster's Encyclopedy. 

s Many dictionaries have al-coran and koran, al-caly and kali-f- 
Such errors should be corrected without hesitation. 

4 It is to be observed that no notice, in general, is taken, in this 
list, of the antiquated final A - . A dozen of our best dictionaries re- 
ject it, and among them Walker's Rhyming Dictionary. 

* Millifed, Wb. Walker corrects this word and recommend* 
Milliped, as above. 



APPENDIX. 



237 



plumipedj wb. 
multiped, 1 wb. 
allege, j. 
alloy, b. wb. 
allegany, wb. 12mo. 
allunge, an. R. 8. 
lunge, wb. 
ally, m.= c. 
almanac, b. Br. d. e. wr. 
altbo, wb. 
alum, m. c. b. wb, 
aluminous, b. 
always, j. c. wb. 
amasment, j. 
ambergris, w. wb. 

so verdigris, w. py. 



amend, wb. 
amendment, wb. 
amid, wb. among, wb. 
amoor, wb. 12 mo. Rl 24. 
amphitheater, wb. Rl 24. 
theater, wb. m. = b.- Rl 24. 
analize, 3 b. folio, 
paralize, wb. 12 mo. 
anastrophy, wb. 
catastrophy, wb. 
apostrophy, wb. 
strophy, an. 
antistrophy, wb. wr. 



plumipede, wr. 
mutlipede, wr. 
alledge,wb. 
allay, of metals*. 
alleghany, wb. 
ullonge, b. c. 
longe, c. 
allie, m.- 

almanac&, j. c. wb. 
although, j. 
allum, 2 h. 
alluminous, h. 
alway, wb. 
amassment, wb. 
ambergrise, m. 
ambergreess, m. 
ambergrease, A. b. 
ambergreece, A. 
ambre-gris, Fr. b. 
emend, c. 
emendation, c. 
amidst, wb. amongst, wb. 
amour, Fr. j. c. wb. 
amphitheatre, c. 
theatre, c. 
analyze, c. 
paralyze, c. 
anastrophe, 4 wr. 
catastrophe, wr. 
apostrophe, wr. 
strophe, wb. wr. x 
antistrophe, m. 



i Walker prefers these words without the e final. See his notes 
on centiped, 

2 One of many instances in which B. folio is superior to the abridg- 
ments, tho H. intended to correct the errors of the common editions, 
and says he has done it. 

3 There is a prevailing disposition to change y into i, hence Jonks 
.has dialisis. Analisis, and paralis will probably follow. 

4 All these Greek words should end in y, or reject e. 

6 Walker's Rhyming Dictionary spells only one of these words, 
with y, and Webster only one with e ! 



238 



APPENDIX. 



anagraph, AN. 

epigraph, c. 

paragraph, d. j. wr. Rl 24. 

apograph, j. wr. w. 

monograph, p. 

apograph, d. 

ancestral, p. c. 

anchoret, b. m. j. a. 



ancient, b.= Rl 19. 
ancientry, b. 
antic, m.- wb. Rl 24. 
ancle, b. = m. Rl 17. 
uncle, j. 

antechamber, b. a. wb. 
antilope, 3 b. 
antitype 

anterior, 3 wb. wr. 
posterior, j. wr. w. 
exterior, j. wr. w. 
interior, wr. wb. 
superior, 4 wr. w. 
inferior, wr. 
citerior, An. 
ulterior, wb. 
apostasy, j. A. Rl 20. 
R124. 
apostem, d. 



anagraphe, b. a. 

epigraphe, b. x d«x j X wr - X 

paragraphe, b. 

autography 1 

monography 

apographe 

ancestrel, b. j. 

anachoreta, b. 

anchor ete, h. 

anchorite, j. a. 

anachoret, d. 

anachorete, j. 

anachorite, j. 

antient, d.= anshent, b. 

anchentry, j.= w.= 

antique, j. 

ankle, j. f.— 

unkle, J.= 

antichamber, b. b j. m. 

antelope, b.«= d.= c. 

antitype 

anteriour, j. x w.x 

posteriour 

exteriour 

interiour, j. x w.x 

superiour, j. x 

inferiour, J.x w «x 

citeriour 

ulteriour 

apostacy, B. 

apostasis, b. a. 

apostemef b.= j. wb. 



i Autography, B. and M. 

2 Antilope, Turton's Linne and Cuvier. 

3 See note at the end of A. in this list. 

4 Johnson has two of these words in or, and four in our ! Walk- 
er has three in or, and three in our thus contradicting himself as much 
as possible ! ! 

5 These words afford an example of that discrepance between the 
different parts of Johnson's Dictionary which very often occurs. 



APPENDIX. 2d 




apostume, b. j. x 




apostema, b. 




aposthume, d.= 




impostume, b. m. c. 




imposthume,. jx D « 


apostemate, wb. 


imposthumate, j.X 


apostemation, j. 


imposthumation, J*X 


apozem, b. c. Rl 15. 


aposem, w. 


apothem, 1 wb. Rl 24. 


apothegm, d.- 




apophthegm / A.- 


appal, A. py. 


appa^,wb. appale,B. 


appalment, p, 




appalement, b. w. 




appareled, A. py. Rl 26. 


apparelled, Bible. 


apposit, wb. 12 mo. Rl 11. 


apposite, j. 


apprize, to value, wb. 


appraise, j. 


apprise, to inform, wb. 




apprizer, wb. 


appraiser, j. 


apprizement, wb. 


appraisementt J. 


apricot, j. 


apricock, j. = 




abricot, j. 




abricock, c. 


appertinent, j. 


appertinant, 1 error 


so also pertinent 


appertenant, 2 errors 


impertinent 


appertenent, 1 error 


abstinent 


appwrtenent, 2 errors 


continent 


appwrtenant, 3 c. 3 errors 




appwrtinant, 2 errors 




appwrtinent, 1 error 


appertinence, 4 an. 


appertinance, b. 1 error 


like pertinence 


appertenance, J. 2 errors 


impertinence 


appertenence, 1 error 


abstinence 


appwrtinence, 1 error 


continence 


appwrtinance, 2 errors 



i So phlegm and diaphragm anglicized might be phlem or fiem. and 
diaphram or diafram, Rule 14. 

2 Prize and apprise, to value, contradict, z would be better and so 
Mr. Webster's Dictionary will show these words. 

s Three mistakes, all that can be, are found in Chalmers. 
* Impertinence and appertinence are analogous, but no author has 
spelt the latter as it should be, with e, t, e, from Lat. per-u'n-«o. 



240 



APPENDIX. 



arabesk, b.m. Rl 24. 

burlesk, b - m. Rl 24. 
grotesk, b. m. wb. 
picturesk, an. Rl 24. 
mosk, b. 

cask, a headpiece, b. m. 
risk, b. j. m. 
sea-risk, p y. 
moresk, m. 
arc, wb. 
argil, b. j. 
artizan, m. Rl 15. 
partizan, m. 
courtezan, b. 
denizen, j.- h.b. Br. 



archduchess, * j. c. w. py, 
duchess, b. wb. 
duchy, b. wb. 
arras, b. wb. 
arrac, d.'p. 

arrain, An. 

derain, Br. s. d. wb. 

arret, c. f. 
arretted, 4 c. 



arquebus, j. 



appwrtenence, 2 errors 

appwrtenance, b.c.d.3 errors 

pwrtenance, j. d. 3 errors 

pwrtnance, Bibie. 2 errors. 

arabesque, Fr.M . 

rebesk, m. 

burlesque, Fr. 

grotesco, B' grotesque, B.wr. 

picturesque, c. wb* 

mosque, b. moschey, m. 

casque, b. = wr. 

risque, b. wr. 

sea-risque, J.X py. 

moress, b. morisco, b. 

ark, of a circle, b. 

argill, wb. 

artisan, j. 

partisan, j. 

courtesan, b.. 

denisen, j. 

denison, j. h. c. Br. 

denizon, b. m. 

archdutchess 

dutchess, m. d. j.Xpy. w.xc. 

dutchy. b.- m. w. 

arrass, h. 

arrack, j. arack, j. rack, d. 

arac, d. f. 

arraign, b. Br. 

deraign,B. deraine,H. dereine 

deraigne, h. dereigne, b. [b- 

arrette, Fr. 

arreted, f. 

arnotto, c. wb. 

annotto, d. 

arnatto, c.= 

arquebuse, j.= sr. c. wb. 



i Dufchess and archduchess! B. J. W. Js. S. &c. Wb. is correct. 
2 Pronounced rack, and so spelt by Dyche. 
» Arretted doubles the t because it is under the accent. 



APPENDIX. 



241 



arquebuss, d.b. karquebus,u. 
harquebuse, m.= wb. 
harquebuss, b. m. f. j. wb. 
haquibut, B. 
haque y B.H. 
hage, c. 
haguebut, c. 
harquebussier, J. 

assafoetida, j. 

asafoetida, c. 

asafetida, wb. 12 mo. 

asbestus, wb. w. = 

ashlar, b. 

askaunce, b.j^ askaunsep. 

ashaunt, j. 

askew, b. j x 

s&ew, b. 

aslaunt, o. 

iparrowgrass, w. 

cess, j. sess, j. 

cessment, j. cense, J. 

atteint, h. Fr. 

atturraey, b, j. 

afforny, b. 

attorney, b.— j - 

attornies, p. Rl 6. 

attorneys ? 

avaunt, b.= c. py. 

i Ashlar and ashlering ! Dictionaries X 

2 This word is variable both in the singular arid plural ; the latter 
being more commonly, and I think more correctly written attornies 
than attorneys. These eys are obsolescent, and ought to be entirely 
rejected. Bailey, as will be seen above, authorizes both corrections 
and the word's being derived from turn, as well as the uniform pro 
nunciation, indicates u rather than o, in the second syllable. Oandov 
Fr. sounded u short in English, ought to be corrected. It is not ex- 
pected that the above form will be immediately adopted. Prejudice 
is too inveterate to yield to right; but the plural \uies is pretty well es 
lablished, and the sigular attorny, B. ought to follow ; accordingly 
Bailey has attormship, which is according to Rule 6, and analogous 
to penniless, merr'imake, &c. 

3 Some have supposed these different words : avant contracted van, 
front, and avaunt ! be gone. Bailey decides them to be the 9ame. 

V 



arquebusier, j.- p. h. wb. 
arquebuseer? an. 
asa-fetida, wb. Rl 24. 



asbestos, b. c. wb. Rl 24. 

ashler 1 

askance, m. j. Rl 3. 

askant, m. 

askue, j. (under skue) Rl 12, 

skue, j. Rl 12. 

aslant, m. j. Rl 3. 

asparagus, j. b. 

assess, wb. 

assessment, wb. 

attaint, b. 

atturny ?« Rls 7. 8. 



atturnies ? 
avant, m. b. Rl 3. 



242 



APPENDIX. 



auburn, b. Rl 11. 

aukward, b. m. f. j. Rl 8. 
auger, b. Rl 18. 
author/ j.+ in stock. 



auburne, j. 

abburn, b. abridgment. 

awkward f j.- 

augar, b.= 

authour, j. (in preface.) 



i Author, authour, Johnson. Little notice has, thus far, been 
taken of this antiquated and very improper mode of spelling words of 
this form. The u is rejected by Ash and Webster, and the best and 
most extensive modern practice. Cleav eland's Mineralogy, printed at 
the University Press, Cambridge, shows odor, color, &c. Walker 
decides in favor of honor and favor- Gilchrist decides in the same 
way for the whole class. See his Diet. This form makes the simples 
and derivatives follow the same rule, as laboR, laborious. Or, os, om, 
on, are proper English terminations, as iutoR, asbestos, ransoit, cri- 
terion, and they should, in all cases, be preferred. From polysylla- 
bles the u is generally rejected, except endeavor, demeanor, and a 
few others. The following are the dissyllables. They are corrected 
by the 1st Rule, on the authorities abovementioned. 

achor, w. 
actor, w. 
algor, w. 
anchor, w. 
arbor 
ardor 
armor 
author, w. 
bettor, w. 
candor 
captor, w. 
castor, w. 
censor, w. 
c.essor 
clangor 
clamor 
color 

cremor, w. 
debtor, w. 
doctor, w. 
dolor 
donor, w. 
error, w,- 
factor 

These are nearly all, and of these, some are never variable ; indeed 
the majority of them are never written our by any scholar. It thus 
appears that the words, of two syllables, of this class, are nearly 
a hundred, of which, according to Walker, thirty-seven only admit the 
m, under any circumstances of which number he corrects eight, error 
fervor, flavor, favor, honor, honor, tenor, warrior. It must be ob- 
served that these words are taken from Walker's Rhyming Dictionary, 
where, on account of the similar terminations being arranged together, 
there is no danger of typographical errors. It will be remarked that, 
in these very words, the u has been retained on Mr. Walker's autho- 



favor, w.- 


lictor, w. 


seignior, w. 


fautor, w. 


liquor, w. 


senior, w. 


fervor, w.- 


major, w. 


splendor 


fetor, w. 


manor, w. 


sponsor, w. 


flavor, w.- 


mayor, w. 


squalor, w. 


flexor, w. 


minor, w. 


stupor, w. 


fluor, w, 


mirror, w. 


succor 


fragor, w. 


motor, w. 


tabor 


fulgor 


neighbor 


tailor, w. 


grantor, w. 


odor 


tenor, w.- 


harbor 


parlor 


tepor, w. 


hector, w. 


pastor, w. 


terror, w. 


honor, w.~ 


pretor, w. 


torpor, w. 


horror, w.- 


proctor, w. 


traitor, w. 


1 tumor 


rancor 


tremor 


ichor, w. 


rector, w. 


tumor 


junior, w. 


rigor 


tutor 


juror, w. 


rumor 


valor 


labor 


sailor, w. 


vapor 


languor, w. 


savor 


victor, w. 


lector 


savior 


vigor 


lentor, w. 


sapor, w. 


visor, w. 


lessor, w. 


scissors, w. 


warrior, w.- 



APPENDIX. 243 



aw, b.- M. Rl 11. 

ax, b - m. Br. 

ay, (yes,)B. j. w. wb. Rl 11 
aye, (ever) b. j. w. wb. 



awe, b. j. 
axe, b. j. 
aye, wb. 



rity. Those to whom that was any argument, may now change for 
the same reason. The whole number, of words in or, in the language, 
is about three hundred, of which the abovementioned thirty-seven, and 
the follow'mgfourteen polysyllables, omitting compounds and those of 
a different pronunciation, as, paramour, are all that I can find spelt 
with our in Johnson and Walker. 

inferior i behavior emperor intercessor 

superior enamor cognisor ostentator 

interior demeanors successor endeavor 

exterior governor 

i For the contradictions of these words, see page 233. 
2 Demeanovr and misdemeanor. ! Johnson and Walker. 

Note — Walker's Rhyming Dictionary is a performance of much 
more merit and utility than his Pronouncing Dictionary. It is better 
inth for orthography and pronunciation, and a revision and correction 
of it, might make it one of the most useful books in the language, 
to students, writers, and printers. 

The class of words in ic or ick are corrected by the 2d Rule, on the 
authority of the thirteen following dictionaries, namely: Martin, Ash, 
Penning, Entick, Browne, Barclay, Dyche 17th edition, Scott, Perry, 
Buchanan, Macredie,* Webster, and Walker. The latter rejects the 
k in his writings, in his notes especially, and above all, in his Rhy- 
ming Dictionary, where the thing is specially noticed, and the words 
placed in the alphabetical series under c, and a particular reference 
under k, as follows, namely. 

" For those words from the learned languages, formerly written with 
k, as critick, publick, musick, (fee. see critic, public, music." 

Here again after our servile imitators of European absurdities have 
been endeavoring to keep up an antiquated, cumbrous, and vicious 
orthography, the very authority on which they chiefly depended is 
found to be exactly on the other side, fgnorant subservience to fo- 
reign authorities, -and blind imitations of prescriptive errors is crimi- 
nal in those who have the means of better information. Dr. Webster, 
for his great and long continued exertions in the cause of reform, 
deserves, and will no doubt receive, the lasting gratiteide of his country- 
men. 

* A neat little book without a name, made by a society of teachers 
in Scotland. The printer's name is Macredie. 



244 



APPENDIX, 



Babler, m. ' 
bafler ? An. 
bacheler, b. 



bailif, c. 

balif? 

bagatel ? 

bailer, wb. Rl 18. 

bailiwic, f. buc. u. 

balad, b. Rl 23. 

balance, b.- wb. 

balast, b. 

baldric, b. wb. 12 mo. 

balk, m.- h. j. wb.- 

baluster, Br. wb. 

banister, m. 



balustrade, bi. wb. Rl 23. 

bandit, j. Pope. c.wb. Rl 24 

bandits, wb. 

bandlet, wb. 

banian, m. d. Br. wb.Rl 23. 



babbler, j. f. wb. 

baffler, j. wb. 

bachelor, m.- f. wb. 

bachelour, m. 

batehelor, b. m. 

batchelour, m. 

bailiff, j. Br. f. wb. 

baliff, wb. 

bagatelle, b. w. Fr. 

bailor, wb. 

bailiwick, j. wb. 

ballad, b. m. wb. 

ballance, b. m. j. 

ballast, b.-m.- j. wb. 

bauldrick, A. j. 

baldrick, wb. 

baulk, m. b. 

balluster, m. b. 

ballister, m.- b. 

bannister, wb. 

ballustrade, B. 

banditto, j.= 

banditti, m. Br. 

bandelet, wb. 

bannian, c. b. w. 
\ banyan 
[bannyan 



1 Babler ; words of this form properly drop one consonant when 
another is added. They were formerly spelt without a final c, that 
is apl, setl, were the Saxon forms, and when the e was put in to sound 
the I. it was before the I, thus apet, but as this might lead to a wrong 
sound namely a pel, the p was doubled to keep the vowel short, — a 
reason which no longer exists when another consonant is added. 
These words, with three consonants together, have such a crouded ap- 
pearance, that there is a general disposition to drop one letter, and as 
many of them stand upon good authority, the whole are put down in 
that form, quoting the authority, or, when that is wanting inserting 
analogy. 

Mr. Walker under cadle decides otherwise; and there is apparent rea- 
son in what he states, but practice seems to be going against him, and 
even his own practice was, in many cases, against his own decision. 
See giglet, pedler, fyc. 

2 Baliff, wb. bailif, c. both syllables variable ; prefer the shortest, 
and we shall have b f a,l,i,f, which is really all that is needed. 



APPENDIX. 



245 



bandoleers, b. j. wb. c. 



bandrole, An. banderole, Fr. 



bar, m.- Rl 23. 

baize, m. j. i\ A. c. wb. 

bargainer, b. j. wb. Rl 18. 

baritone, wb. 

base,2ft music, M.B.py.wb.j.Bi 

baseviol, j. wb.- 

bason, f. d .Br. = b. wb.= 

like mason 

batlet, j. s. e. js. wb. 

battle-ax. wb. Rl 23. 

battledore ? 

battalion, b. j. wb. 

bateau, wb. 

bauble, b. m. Br. f. Rl 8. 

baud, b. m. a. 

baudily ? An. 

baudiness ? An. 

baudry ? An. 

baudy, m. 

baul ? An. 

beadrole ? An. 

duty 

buty* 

duteous \ Rl 24. 

huteous [An. 

dutiful 

butiful 



bandileers> b. 
bandeliers, m. 
bandoleers, f = 
bandolers, a. 

bandrol, j. f. b. py. js. wb. 
bandroll, wb. 1 2 mo. 
banderol, m. Br. f. 
bannerol, wb. 
barr, m. 

bayze, M. f. bayes, m. 
baise, bays. d. b. bayz. b. 
bargainor wb. 12 mo. 
barytone, wb. 

ss, j.= m.= 
bnssviol, j. = Br.== 
basin, j. wb. d.= a- 

battlet, An. 

battleaxe, wb. 

battledoor, j. d. Br. 

batalliun, b. 

batteau t Fr. battoe,wb. 12mo 

bawble, m. j. s. d. a. 

bawd, b. m. A. f. d. wb. 

bawdily, b. 

bawdiness, b. 

bawdry, b. 

bawdy ', m. js. 

6aH?£, Br. d. 

6aW, m.= 

beadroll, m. a. Br. wb. 

bedroll, m. b. 

beauty 

beauteous 

beautiful 



> French words should be Englished. In cases where no authority 
is given, we only show what ovght to be, not what is in use. 

v2 



246 



APPENDIX. 



bedlam, wb. contracted for 
bedsted, Br. wb. 
brestings, m. 



bedaub, 1 Br. wb. Rl 8 
daub, j. x w b. &c. 
befal, b* Mac. wr. py. e.RI 15! 
overfal, j. wr. c. x 
windfal, j. wr. wb. 
waterfal, j. wr. 
downfal, j. wr. c. d. a. py. 
havior, An. Rl 1 
behavior, wb. 
misbehavior, wb. 
behoove, 2 b. p. a. Br. wb. 
belabor, e. wb. 
belam, c. b. a. Rl 2 3 
lam ? 

beldam, b. m. wb. py. Br. A 
R125 
belfry, J. py. wb. 
belflower, j. c. 
bel founder, j. py. 
belman, j. py. js. s. A. w. 
belmetal, j. py. js. A. s. w. 
belringer, c. 

belwether, j.E.py.F.js.w.wb. 
belfashioned, An. 
belshaped, An. 
bely, Br. m- b. Rl 7 
benum, j._j_ A. w. wb. Rl 23 
num, wb.- 
unbenum. m. 



bethlehem, a hospital 
bedstead, Br. j. a. wb. 
breastings, b. 
biestings, Br. c. wb. 
beestings, b. c. wb. 
bedawb,j. x b— 
dawb, b.- wr. 



befall, Br. c. m. j. x wb.x 

overfall, d. wb. [wb. 

windfall, Br. wr. c.X D.x Py. 

waterfall, Br. c. py.x *>•+ 

downfall, b. wb. 

haviour, j. 

behaviour, j. d. 

misbehaviour, j. d. 

behove, m. js. wb. 12 mo.= 

belabour, j. s. A. 

belamm 

lamm, c.+ b-x A. 

beldame 

belldame 

bellfry 

bell-flower, Br. wb. 

bell-founder, Br. wb. 

bell-man, Br. wb. 

bell-metal, Br. wb. 

bell-ringer, 



bell- fashioned, py.x A, 
bell-shaped, wb.x 
belie, j py. wb. belye, Br. 
benumb, Br. A. e. 
numb, j.-fc 
unbenumb 

benjamin, m. corruptly 
bergamot, b. m. j. Br. e. wb. l burgamot, j. 



i Daub and bedawb ! All dictionaries except Br., Macredie and 
Wb. 

a The reason for preferring oo, is that it obviates one more anomaly. 
Every one dismissed is a gain to the language. 



APPENDIX. 



247 



beril? 1 

beriline ? 

beside, j. wb. 

besom, j. wb. 

bespue, m. 

spue, m. 

bestrow, An. 

strow, j. 

show, j. 

bethral, j. Br. wr. c. Rl 25 

inthral, b.- wr. Br. c- 

enthral, b. wr. c. 

disenthral, wr. j. Br. c. 



betrayer, j. wb. 

between, j. wb. 

bevel, J.- Br.- m. wb. 

like level 

bezel, m.- b. j. wb. 

bibler, wb. a tipler. wb. 

bias, m. j.x b. 

unbias, wb. 

biased, wb. 

bigot, m. [s.x Js. e. wb 

bigoted, 2 c.+ w.x a1.-j-j.x 

un bigoted, py. js. e. wb 

bile, bills, lat. b. j. h. f.- 

bite, a turn. wb. 12 mo. 

bilious, habit, j. Let. 50. 

biliary, 4 ducts, j. 

biliards ? 

haliards ? 

laniards, c. 

bilions ? milions ? trilions ? 3 

bigamy, b. j. wb.- 

bin, d. wb. Rl 23 



beryl, j. E. w. 
beryline, bervlline, wb. 
besides , j. wb. 
beesom, b. m. 
bespew, j. wb. 
spew, j — 
bestrew, j. m. wb. 
strew, j.= m. w. 
shew, j. w. 

bethrall, wb. 

nthrall, m. wr.x J. 

enthrall, m. d. wb. 

disenthrall, 

disinthrall, wb. 

bewrayer, j. wb. 

betwixt, j.= wb. 

bevil, j. sr. 



bezil, m. b.j. 

bibbler, tippler 

biass 

unbiass, J. x Br. 

biassed 

biggot 

bigotted s. x 

u?ibigotted,j.xc.xw.X A\-t, 

boil, d py. h-= b.- 

biaht, wb. 

billious 

billiary 

billiards, M. w. 

halliards, b. see page 229 

lanniards 

billions 

digamy, wb. 

binn, d. 



i The etymon of this word requires i according to Rule 6. 

2 The words afford a fair sample of our lexicographers. Several of 
them have omitted unbigoted, and so escaped the contradiction. 

3 Billiards, billions, millions, &c might be corrected by a general 
rule, and be biliards, bilions, milions. See Letter 50, and page 229. 



248 


APPENDIX. 




binacle, wb- Br, 




binnacle, w. 
bittacle, j. w. c. 


- 


bishopric, wb. Rl 2 




bishoprick, j. c. 




bisk, b. j. Rl 24 




bisque, b.= 




bisket, b, d. c. 




biscuit, d.= pr» bisquet, b. 




bissextil ? 




bissextile, wb. 




blanket, j.- wb.~ 




blanket, b. wb. c. 




blest, j. c. 




blessed, j. c- 




blite, to blast, a. 




blight, j. 




bloomer, b. 








bloomery ? 




bloomary, wb. 12 mo. b.+ 




bloraary, wb. 








blote, b. m. wb. Rl 9 




bloat, m,= j. A. 
bloud, B= M.= 




blud? x 




blood, B. M. J. 




flud? 




flood, B. M. J. 




blue 




blew, o. 




bluly, w.- wr. aphorism 8. 


bluely, J.-b 




truly, j. duly, j. 




truehj, duely 




ruful, w. woful, j. awful, J. 


rueful, j. woeful, awefuL 




bluness, w.- 




blueness, j. 




truness, w.- 




trueness, w. j. 




blur, b. Rl 23 




blurr, b. 




bole, b. j. d. 




boll, j. 




bogler ? 3 




boggier 


, 


bolster, m. Br. h.- 




boulster 




bolt, c- p.- 




boult, C. F. 




bombard, b. 




bumbard, c. j. 




bombardeer, b. 




bombardier, j. 
bombarder, h. 




bombizene ? 




bombazine, p. 





i These words are not. at present variable, but they are anomalous, 
and might advantageously be corrected according to etymology, as 
they stand above, and as they are invariably pronounced with w short. 
Blwt and Audi Teutonic ; flwo, Lat , from which we have regularly 
bhtd and fh/d, i. e. fiVid ; blwsh and flwsh. This would be right, but 
wrong too often prevails, and must be suffered when it has become in- 
veterate. We have no present expectation that the question ? will be 
answered affirmatively. See note p. 28. 

a Bogler, see the note on babler, page 244 



APPENDIX. 



249 



bombasin, 1 j. c. f. d. Br. wb. 



bombast, b. c- 
boulder, d. p. c. 
boose, a. wb. Rl 24 
boosy, m. wb. 



borne, wb.- 
bots, M. 
booge ? Rl 24 
boogy ? 
braze, Br. j. 
brazier 2 f. j. Br. d. 
breese, a fly, a. f. 
breeze, 3 wind, m. j. 
breze ? An. 
brue, m. Rl 12 
imbrue, 4 j.-f- f. m. &c. 
bruer ? ~) 
bruery ? > An. 
bruing ? ) 



bombysine, A. 
bombycine, B. 
bombasine, m.= a. 
bumbasin, b. m. a. 
bwnbast, B. J. 
bowlder, d.= f. c. 
bouse, B. j. f. 
bousy, j. f. bowsy, b 
bowze, m. 
bowse, b. 
bourn, j. 
botts-, M. 

bouge, j. b. bouch, c. 
bougie, Br. d. 

brasier, j.- 
breeze, b. 



z,b. 

brieze, m. briez, b. 
brew, j.+ b. 
imbrew, c. b. (see page 38. } 



4 Brew and imbrue ! Dictionaries. 

i This word, in English, ought to be spelt Bombazene, or Bombi- 
zene- lis French dress is awkward, in English company, The /is from 
y in Bombyx, a silk worm. 

2 Johnson's inconsistency has been faithfully copied by Walker in 
brasier with s, and glaeier, grazier with z, and followed by the original 
author of this book. 

3 Breeze. It seems a little remarkable that certain letters, such as 
c, g, s, th, v and z should still, in most cases, retain the old form of 
three vowels, when one of those vowels has been rejected from all 
words of other terminations. 

Freze, chese, gese, grese, jlece, theve, brethe, would, as soon as we 
should become accustomed to them, appear as well as these, obese, eve, 
Chersonese, reve, (a Baliff) clothe ; and we should be spared the great, 
and to many persons, unconquerable labor of learning and remem- 
bering this very difficult part of our spelling. Let us see what might 
be done with this most troublesome class of words, and how very easily 
they might be simplified. Most, or even all of them, would be 
more agreeable, both to etymology and analogy, in their simplified 
form, than they are in their present tortuous shape. 



250 




APPENDIX. 


'; '' 


flece 


fleece 


shethe 


sheathe 


grece 


greece 


methe 


meathe 


nece 


niece 


brethe 


breathe 


pece 


piece 


wrethe 


wreathe 


place 


plaice 


bequethe 


bequeathe 


pece 


peace 


benethe 


beneath 


sluce 


sluice 


lothe 


loathe 


juce, wb. 


juice 


This last 


is gained in its correct- 


verjuce, wb. 


verjuice 


ed form like clothe. 


lege 


liege 


retreve 


retrieve 


sege 


siege 


siv 


sieve 


cruse 


cruise 


deceve 


deceive 


gise 


guise 


receve 


receive 


bruse 


bruise 


conceve 


conceive 


ese 


ease 


perceve 

heve 


perceive 


cese 


cease 


heave 


decese 


decease 


leve 


leave 


surcese 


surcease 


cleve 


cleave 


lese 


lease 


reve 


reave 


reiese 


release 


bereve 


bereave 


plese 


please 


greve 


greave 


displese 


displease 


weve 


weave 


pese 


pease 


sieve 


sleeve 


appese 


appease 


reve 


reeve 


crese 


crease 


acheve b. 


achieve 


decrese 


decrease 


theve 


thieve 


increse 


increase 


leve 


lieve 


grese 


grease 


beleve 


believe 


tese 


tease 


releve 


relieve 


disese 


disease 


greve 


grieve 


gese 


geese 


repreve 


reprieve 


chese 


cheese 


baze 


baize 


phese 


pheese 


seze 


seize 


lese 


leese 


teze 


teaze 


brese 


breese 


wheze 


wheeze 


chase 


chaise 


sneze 


sneeze 


rase 


raise 


breze 


breeze 


frase 


fraise 


freze 


freeze 


prase 


praise 


greze 


greeze 


apprase 


appraise 


squeze 


squeeze 


(Haprase 


dispraise 


freze 


frieze 



The analogy already stands in favor of this alteration, as jreze, 
froze, frost; reve, reft ; bereve, bereft; cleve, cleft ; theve, theft; leve, 
left; siv, sift ; deceve, deception; &c, benethe, nether; cruse, refuse'; 
cruse, obtuse ; baze, raze, graze; gise rise ; plese, these : sluce, truce; 
juce, spruce. Etymology requires acheve from achever, Fr. releve from 
relever, Fr. deceve from deceptum, Lat. cese from cedo, Lat. decrese 
from decresco, Lat. 

If the simple improvement here proposed could be adopted, it would 
save millions, in time and money, to our nation, and to the countless 
multitudes who will, in some future time, speak English in America. 
Europe, Africa, New Holland, and the islands of the Atlantio, Pacific, 
and Indian oceans. 



APPENDIX. 



251 



bridewel, Rl 25 

brier, j. F.Br.By.c.-wb.Rl 18 

brigadeer, m. 

brindled, wb. 

Britany ? 

Britan ? 

Britanic? 1 

briony, m.- a. Rl 7 

broche, A. wb. Rl 9 

brocoly, R] 7, 24 

brocage, Br. py. Rl 13 

brunet wb. 

like cadet, orevet, coquet, 

bucaneers, 2 wb. Rl's 10 & 23 



buffoonry, b. abridgment. 



bridewell, j. 

(St. Bridget's well.) 

briar, f. b. c- 

brigadier, a. w. c. Br. d. wb. 

brinded. 

Britan ny, Bretagne Fr. 

Britain 

Britannic 

bryony, j. c. f. Br. wb. 

brock, b. A. brouch, wb. 

brooch, j. d. Br. c. py. 

brocoli, d. c. 

broccoli, A. Br. f. wb. 

brohage, m. d. a. f. wb. 

brokerage, j. d. f. wb. 

brunett, wb. 12 mo. 

brunette, A. py. Fr. 

bucaniers, b.~ py. j. wb. 

buccaneers, b. m. 

bucanneers, wb. small 

buccaners, f. 

bucJcancers, m*= 

buffoonery, j. b. folio. 



In this view, there is scarcely anything more important than the ju- 
dicious simplification of our. orthography; and as this begins to be felt 
both in England and America, we may perhaps hope that a useful 
reformation will be accomplished. The difficulty is that no man of 
letters, (and no other can do it,) has dared to set the example, in any 
popular work. There are thousands now ready and willing to join 
in the work of reformation, as soon as it can be done with safety. 

i Britanic- The i in the second syllable of Britain has crept in by 
mistake, as it is not found in the primitive; and of the numerous class 
of words of this form, Jour only double the letter under the accent. 
The analogy, and "of course the rule, requires these to be corrected. 



tyrant 


tyrannic 


ocean 


oceanic 


talisman 


talismanic 


botany 


botanic 


Britain 


Britannic 


satan 


satanic 



barbar-ows 


barbaric 


pulmo-nt's 

didascal-os 

medal 

cephal-e 

metal 


pulmoni 

didascalic 

medalZic 

cephalic 

metallic 



2 Bucaneers. For the spelling of the 1st and 2d syllables, Johnson, 
Bailey and Perry are authority ; and for the spelling of the 3d syllable 
Bailey t Martin and Webster ; and for the whole, Webster. 



252 



APPENDIX. 



bullis 

bulbaiting 

buldog 

bulfinch }R1.25. 

bulfrog 

bulhead 

bulrush, j. py. wb. 

bulwark, j. py. 

bun, m. py. wb. 

bumblebee, c. wb. 

bumkirijM 

burden, 1 j. c- 

disburden, j. 

unburden, An. 

overburden, j. 

burly, b. j. Rl 7 

burlesk, wb. see arabesk 

burser, m. Rl 18 

buxom, 2 j. b.- wb. 



butteris, wb. c. 



Cabin, j. wb. 
caboose, wb.- 
cady,Rl's 7 & 24. 

cag,j. wb. RJ 13 

[calif. 
caitif, B.C. better catif like 
calamin, m. wb. Rl 11 



bullace, m. j. wb. 
bullice, wb. 
bull-baiting, wb. 
bull- dog, wb. 
bull-finch, wb. 
bull-frog, wb. 
bull-head, wb. 
bull-rush, 
bull-wark 
bunn, c. wb. 
humblebee, j. wb. 
bumpkin, c. wb. 
burthen, c. 
disburthen, b. 
unburthen, J.X wb. x 
overburthen 
hurley, b. 
burlesque 
bursar, d. 
buxum, b. folio. 
buxome, b. 
bucksom, m. 
buck some, b. 
buttrice, b. 
buttress, b.- j. 
butter ess, m. 
cabbin, b. 

camboose, coboose, wb. 
cadi, j. wb. 
cadec, m. 
kag, b. 
keg, b. j. 
caitiff, j. wb. 
calamine, b. wb. 



i The rejection of the Saxon Thorn, aspirated d and t (TH) is a loss 
to the present language, and has caused such discrepant forms as bur- 
then, burden, further, furder, murther, murder, in the choice of which 
custom has capriciously decided, for while the .first two are in use, 
furder is vulgar, and murnwer obsolete. 

2 A useful contraction and correct ending. All words in some are 
contrary to Saxon, and ought to be corrected. Bailey has corrected 
most of them. 



APPENDIX. 



253 



cayman, b. m. wb.- 

callimanco, b. m. 

calimanco 

chalice, c. 

calicoe, b. m. callico, c. 

cauldron, b. m. 

chauldron, m. chalder, j. b. 

chaldern, m. b. 

chaudron, J. 

chalduer, d. chadron, j>. b. 

caleche, ft. wb. 

chalcedony, wb.- 

chalcography, c. 

coZe, c. wb. 

&az7, c. A:a?e 

kalendcr, wb. 

kalendar, j. b. 

calender, m. Lewis 

cullender 

to press cloth 

calligraphy, c. 

calefy, wb. 

califf, b. kalif, wb. 
caliph, j wb. 
caliphate, wb. 
kali/ate, wb. 
khaliphate, (Henderson. ) 
caliper, b. originally the 
caliver, b. j. p. wb. [same 
calliber, b. callibre, b. 
callipers, j. wb. 
cannipers, w. 
caulk, wb. catt&, b. 
calyx, b. calice,B. 
camel lepard, wb. 
cameleopard, camelopardus 
camelnpardalis, b. 
camel leopard 

i There seems to be no use in a different spelling of these words. 
Martin spells them alike. Lewis spells the first always with e. 

W 



caiman, /. wb. Rl 6 
calamanco, j. wb. Rl 23 

calice, c. 
calico, j. wb. 
caldron, wb. Rl 3 

chaldron, b. m. j. 



calash, wb. Rl 24 

calcedony, wb. 

calcography, c. 

cale, d. 

cawl, cabbage Saxon 

calendar, 1 

a register 



calender, m. wb. and others, 
caligraphy, c. 
calify ? Prefer ify to efy, in 
all cases, see p. 98-9 
calif, j. sr. wb. R123& 13 



califate, wb. Rl 13 & 14 



caliber, j. w. wb. 
bore of a gun 

calipers, b. wb. Rl 23 

compasses 

calk, j. b. wb. Rl 3 

calix, j. b. wb. Rl 6 

€ameiopard, wb. 



254 



APPENDIX. 



calot, m. Rl 23 & 24 
cameleon, b. f, wb. 

cameo, wb. 

camlet, b. j. d. wb. c, 



cammoc, a. d. wb. 
camous, c. 
camomile, m. wb. c. 
campain, m. b. wb. 
champane, wb.- wine 
champain, b. wb. level 
camphor, m. j. py. p. wb. 
candify, c. see page 98. 
can, j. py. wb. Rl 23 
cannel-coal, wb. 
candle-coal, wb. 
canail, wb. Rl 24 
canhook, wb. from can, a 
cancelated, py's.Rl.wb. [cask 
cancelation, py's. Rl wb. 
canceled, py's. Rl wb. 
canceling, 1 py's. Rl wb. 
candlemas, 2 j. py. wb. 
cangaroo ? Rl 13 

canister, b. wb. Rl 23 
cannoneer, b. a. wb. 
canoo, b. m. wb. Rl 24 
canvas, 3 m. py. wb. Rl 23 

i Perry, like other authors, sometimes loses sight of his own Rule. 

a All the words compounded with mass are variable. One * it bet- 
ter by Rules 23 and 25. 

» Two forms of this word are unnecessary. 



callot, c. 

calotte , j. b. calote, wb. 

chamceleon, b. 

chamelion, b. 

camelion, m. 

chameleon, j. b. wb.- 

camaieu, wb. 

camayeu, wb. camsea, a. 

chamblot, b. chamelot, b. o. 

cam lot, camelotyj. c. 

chamlety m. j. camelet, b. 

chamblet, j. m. c. 

camblet, c. Jive ways 

cammock, b. camock, b. 

camoys, c. 

chamomile, b. j. 

campaign, py. wb. 

champagne, wb. 

champaign, py. champion,*. 

camphire, py. b. 

candefy, b. 

cann, m.= canne, m. 

canal-coal, c. 

canaille, py. b. j. 
cannhook, b- canthook, p. 
cancellated, j . py. 
cancellation, j. py. 
cancelled, a. 
cancelling, A. 
candlemass, b. m. 
kangaroo, wb. 
kanguroo, Turton, Lin. Cu- 
cannister, b. a. [vier 

cajinonier,j. pv. a. wb. 
canoe, j. py. v/b.canoa, j.py 
canvass, j. b. 



APPENDIX. 



255 



canibal, m. 
capapy ? Rl 24 

capriped, wb. Rl 23 
caravansary, j. wb. Rl 24 
carcanet, a. wb. 

carbine, b. wb. Rl 23 
carbineer, Rl 24 



caracol, b. wb. 
carcas ' 



cariboo, wb — 
carmin, wb 12 mo 
carvel, b.= wb. 
cardamom, wb. 

carnival, b.= a. wb. 
carat, m. j. d. wb. 
caraway, c- 
capital, m. j. 

capstan, b. wb. 

carack, c, 

carot, m. a. b. carota, Lat. 

caroty, m. b. a. 

carion, m.= like clarion 

cartel, j. A. wb. 

cartoon, 2 b. wb. 

cartridge, j. b. d. wb. 



cannibal, J. A. py. wb. 

cap a pie, Ft. J. wb. 

capapee, b. 

capape, m. j. b. 

capripede, 

caravansera, A.= b. 

carlcanet, b. 

carknet, b. 

carabine, b. j.= A.- wb. 

carbinier, wb. 

carabineer, b. wb. 

carabinier, A. j. 

caracole, j. b. 

carcase, a. b. 

carcass, A. j. wb. 

carreer, b. 

carriboo, wb. 

carmine, j. wb. 

caravel, j.= wb. 

cardamon, b. 

cardamum, b. 

carnaval, A.= b.= wb. 

carrot, b. m. car act, m. 

carraway, c. 

chapital, m. 

chapiter, j. different words, 

capstand, B.capstern,B. [wb. 

carrack, c. 

carrot, j. A.py.wb. carote,Fr. 

carroty, j. a. wb. 

carrion, b. a. wb. 

cartelle, ft. 

carton, b. 

cart age, z j. Ab. 

cart rage, j. A. 

cartouch, wb. cartoose^ b.= 

cartouche,M. = A. cartouse,A . 



• The variation is here in the final letter, which is useless, and be- 
ing rejected, makes the two forms a^ree in that one which is right, ac- 
cording to general rules* Such is often the case. 

3 See Letter 49. 3 A misprint copied many times. 



256 



APPENDIX. 



cashier, noun, b. m. 
cashire, verb, b. m. 
cash-yer, cash-man, or cash- 
cask, m. j. wb. [keeper 
cassoc, u. 
cassowary, d. wb. 

castrel, b wb. Rl 13 
catalog? 1 RI24 



cashier, j. 

cashier, j. erroneous 
cashire, to make cas&um, 
casque, j. casquet, c. [void, 
cassock, b. wb. 
cassaware, b. m. c. 
cassiowary, jr. c. py. 
kastrel, b. kestrel, wb. 
catalogue, Fr. 



i Catalog French words should, in all cases, be Anglicized Nothing 
but a very reprehensible deference to French, can make us continue 
to write the worse than useless termination ue, when it is contrary 
both to etymology and analogy, in such words as feague, league, teague, 
plague, vague, intrigue, fatigue, harangue, tongue, disembogue, peda- 
gogue, demagogue, synagogue, mystagogue, decalogue, dialogue, tria- 
logaie, catalogue, theologue, epilogue, collogue, monologue, prologue, 
rogue, brogue, prorogue, fugue, exergue, in writing which, we are com- 
pelled to be singular, or to write fifty one useless letters. Let us see how 
these words might be reformed, and approach nearer to their originals 
than they are in their present shape. 



feag 1 


decalog 


" 




leag /• like tweag. 
teag > 


dialog 






trialog 






plage, or plaig 


catalog 






vage, or vaig 


theolog 


^like log, flog 


intreeg, or intrege 


epilog 


j 


fateeg, orfatege 


collog 




harang, like bang, clang 


monolog 




tung, like sung, rung 


prolog 


J 


disemboge 


roge 




pedagog \ 


broge 




svnagogf I like S°§ and ma g°g- 


proroge 
voge 




mystagog J 


fuge and 


ex 


erg 



In those words in which the pronunciation has shortened the termi- 
nation, it is a very great absurdity to continue the ue, inasmuch as the 
use of the w, was to harden the sound of g, and the e denoted a long 
sound. Dogue is just as good for dog, or drogue for drug, as any in 
this list. 

Those which have the termination long may be corrected by simply 
rejecting the u and keeping the g hard, or by putting hvo vowels before 
the g. 

We ought in fact, to distinguish hard g from soft g. It may be very 
easily done by writing soft g with a point over it, and a strait side, 
like the script type, and hard g in its present form; or, what 
would be still better, is to accept Fenning's recommendation, and 
vvritej in such cases, and keep g always hard : then lege, fege, plage, 
vage, fatege, intrege, disemboge> roge, broge, proroge, voge, fuge, 
would be analogical and correct. 

Fugue is often pronounced fuje ; in that case the u is strangely 
wrong, and/ug-e right. 



APPENDIX. 



257 



catar ? Rl 24 
like guitar, debar, &c. 
catastrophy, wb. see apostro- 
catcal, j. wb. Rl 25 [phy 
catch, j. wb. 



catnip, see Nep 
caterwaul, j.-t: wb. 
waul, An. 



catsup, j. wb.i. e. cate sup 
causey, b. j. w. wb. 



cavaleer, b. Rl. 24. 
caveer, b. m. buc 



cauk, w. wb. Rl 8 
cauf, a. w. wb. Rl 23 
caul, m. j. w. wb. Rl 8 
cauliflower, j. w. wb. 

caw, b. j. wb. Rl 13 
cassimer, Br. wb. 

cazic, wb.= 

cede 1 



catarrh, b. wb. 



catcall, b wb. 

ketch, A. d. common pronun- 

bombketch, A. [ciatioji 

jack ketch, A. 

catmint, wb. 

caterwawl, 

wawl, j. x d. wale, M.wail.r. 

catterwawly b. m. 

catterivaul, m. 

catchup, c. wb.— 

ketchup, wb. 

causway, b. m. 

causeway, j. b. w. 

cos s io ay, b. 

cavalier, b- j. py. w. wb. 

caviar, wb. cavier, A, 

caviare, j. cavear, w. john- 

caviary, b. m. [ston 

eavesson, w. wb. 

cawk, wb. 

cauff, b. 

cawl, m. 

collijloioer, j.= 

collyflower, b. 

kaw, b.= wb.= 

cassimere, Br. 

kerseymere, p. wb. l2mo 

cazique, j. Fr. 

cassique, b. a. 

ceede, old form. 

ceed } p. in compounds 



i So antecede, accede, concede, intercede, decede, excede, precede, 
procede, recede, retrocede, secede, succede, 12 in all ; of which three 
are often spelt wrong. Johnson and his followers have precede, pro- 
ceed, accede, exceed, secede, succeed, directly contradictory. They all 
had formerly ceede, and in the progress of the language were abridged 
differently. See Letter 41. 

w 2 



258 



APPENDIX. 



cele? R124 
celing ? Rl 24 

celery, j. b. a saUet ! 
wb. a salad, m. a. a sal/ad 
center, b. m. wb. 
cere, wb. 

chamfer, b. Br. [wb 

chamoy, b. wb. shammy, b. 
chandeleer, b. w. R124 
chant, J.- wb. 
chantry, j, wb. 
chanticleer, j. wb. Rl 10 
chase, b. j. py. wb. Rl 20 
char, j. wb.- to burn 

char, 1 b. a small job of work 
charioteer, b.j. py. wb. Rl 24 
charloc ? 
chastely, py. w.- 
chasteness, py. w.- 
cheer, b. Rl 24. 
cheerful, m. j. 
check, m. Rl 10. 
checker, m. j. 
chesnut, b. buc Rl 23. 
horse-chesnut, 2 j. w. &c 
chesapea.c ; wb. 
chevaleer,Rl 24. 
chew, b. m. 
chego ? Rl 24. 
chicanery, wb. 



py. 



wb. 



ceil, j. ciel, b. m. 
ceiling, B.-j.-F.-sr.- 
ieling, p. b. h. j. sr. 
ellery, b. m. a s'dllet - 
ccteri, wb. 
centre , Fr. j. 
sere, b.j. 
chamfret, b. 
chamois, ft. wb. 
chandelier Fr. j. 
chaunt, o. 
chauntry, b. 
chanticlear, b. 
chace, b.= m. = 
charr, b. 
chark, b. py. A.- 
chare, b. - . 
chariotier, Fr. 
charlock, j. wb. 
chastly, b. j. 
chastness, b, j. f. 
chear, b. 
chearful, b. 
cheque, m. o. 
chequer, j. 

chestnut, m. j.-|- w.+ wb. 
horse-chestnut 
chesopeak, wb. old. 
chevalier, m. j. rr. 
chaw, 3 b. 

CHK^oe, wb. chieGQ, b. m. 4 
chicanerie, buc 
chicanry, b. 



i Still used in the Northern States, and pronounced cliore, wb. 

2 These words contradict in nearly all the dictionaries. 

3 The last is a common pronunciation among the vulgar. 

4 Both syllables are authorized here, and choosing a syllable from 
•ach, makes a simple English word. 



APPENDIX. 



259 



chilblain, m. j. b. wb. Rl 25 
chiln ess, j. Rl 25. 
Childermas, b.m. py. Rl 23. 
chimist, wb. see alchimist. 
chimny, b. Rl. 7. [Rl 6, 

chimnies, p 
chincapin, Mx. sylva. 
chints, buc. wb. 
chivalry, b. m. 
choir, m j. Rl 17. 
chorister, j. buc. Rl 17. 
Christmas, buc. wb. 
chizel, m. 
under punchion. 
cives, m.= wb. a. 

choke, b -m. J. wb. Rl 9. 
colic, 1 m.-b. Rl 23. 
choose, b.- j. 
cord, j RI23. 

chouder ? Rl 8. 
crism, m. Rl 23. 

cider, b.j er.F.A.wb.Rl 6. 
sider, b m. j. Rl 20. 
churn, b. 

cinnabar, m. b. py. c. wb. 
succory, b. a. c* 

cimbal, m. wb Rl 6. 



chillblain 

chillness, wb. 

childermass, b. j. u. 

chymist, j. w. 

chimney, m. j. 

chimneys, p. 

chinkapin,wb. chinquapin,*. 

chintz, p. 

chevalry, b. 

quire, b. 

quirister, b. j. 

christmass 

chizzel, b. h. chissel, buc 

chisel, b. m. wb. 

chives, j. m. 

chieves, b. 

choakj j. 

cholic, M. B 

chuse, M. B. BUC- 

chord, j. 

chowder, wb. 

chrism j j. chrisom,*. j. 

crisom, b. 

cyder, m - Br. j. w. c. 

syder, b. m. 

chern, b. c. 

cinabar, p. 

cicory 

cichory, b. a. 

cymbal, j. 



i The omission afh in colic, crystal, crism, cameleon, calcedony, Arc 
should be followed in all words, of the same form, derived from the 
Greek. In English we ought to use c, before a. o, u, or a consonant; 
and Arbefore e, i, y. K, at the end of words, should be replaced by c, at 
in the original Saxon : examples, invoAre, invocation ; cat, kitten ; 
embanc,embarc,embarcation,skeme.scool,mecanic. This would mak* 
our orthography simple and easy ; and it would also restore its purity 
and make it true to etymology. 

Colic and melancholic ! Johnson. X 



260 



APPENDIX. 




cimeter,B mj.e.a.p.h.js.w. 
w. c. d. s. py. ' sr. u. aI. 
This is most common. 



cimiter,wb. great dictionary 
This form is preferred. 



cinara, b. 

cion, b. m. d. j. wb. h. Rl 6 

cifer? An. Rl 14. 

cipher, m. jx wb. b. a 

decipher, jx wb. m. 

deciphered, wb. 

undecipherable 

ciperus, b. m. Rl 6. 

circ, c.wb. 

circus, Lot. j. py. c. wb. 

cist, b.4- j.-f- wb. c. 

cisted, b .+ j. x c.x PY+wb 

encisted ? An. 

cistic, wb. Rl 6. 

encistic, An. 

citadel, m. 

clerk, m. p.- 

clam, c. wb. 

clergyable, wb. 12 mo. Rl 7 

click, b.j. Rl 13. 

cliff, b. c. 

clinch, b. m.= c. wb — 



cimetar, w. d, s. f. n. 
cymeter, j. c. js. s. a. 
cymetar, j. c. A 



smarter, m. scimiter, m. 

simitar, b,j.m.s.js.w.d. Br.c. 

scimitar, b.m.js.f s.w.d.c.j.u. 

scimeiar, b. p. s. aI. h, Br. w. 

scymetar, b. h. c. 

scy meter, p. b. w. 

scymitar, b. f, 

cynara> b. 

cyan, b. m.= d.= c. 

scion, wb. b. Fr. 

chifre, Fr. 

cypher, b. d. j.x wb.x 

decypher, j X wb. M. 

undecypkered, wb. 

nndecypherable, wb. 

cyperus, b. 

irque, Fr. wi. py. c. 

cyst, c. wb.- cystis, b. j. 

cysted, cystus, Br. 

encysted f j.x c.x &c 

cystic, d. 

encysticy d 

cittadel, m. 

dark, m. p. 

clamm, j. 

clergyable, c. wb. 

klick, c. 

clift, b. cleft, c. 

clench, j.= b.= buc. 



i PERRY is uniform and consistent with himself. Walker 
spells the word six ways ! Johnson five ! Bailey and Chalmers six .' 
and other authors increase the number to fifteen at least ! ! This is 
a precious specimen of English Dictionaries. The etymon is also va- 
rious, from the Spanish, Italian, Turkish, &c. 

a Nearly every Dictionary gives cisted with t, and encysted with y. 
Such contradictions are very frequent, especially in Johnton and 
Walker. 



APPENDIX. 



261 



elister, m, Rl 6. 



eloister, b. j. wb. Rl 7. 
roister, j. 
oister, b.- 

cloke, m.-j. b. c. wb - 
cloth, j. wb. 
clothe, b. j.x wb. Rl 9. 
unclothe, py. 
clothing, py. wb. 
bedclothes, c. wb. 
bodyclothes, c. wb. 
graveclothes, c. wb. 
cradleclothes, c. wb. 
clue, m. wb. Rl 12. 
cobler, b. m. buc. 
kobler, Danish. 
coax, j. Rl 22. 
coxe, m. Rl 9. 
condolence, wb. 
coke, b. py. c- w.- 
cockerel, j. wb. 
cole, 2 Sir Thomas More. 
colier, An, 

coliery ? An. 

cope, m.- Rl 9. 

cockny ? Rl 7. 

cocknies ? 

cocoa, j. wb. 

coco, m. A. coca, c. 

coddle, b. wb. 

codlin, an apple, b. wb. M. 

codling, an apple, c. 



clyster, b. m. j. wb. Br, 
glister, b. j. m. 
glyster, b. 
cloyster, m.= 
royster, A. W.Irving, 
oyster, 1 J. p. 
cloak, 2 b. j.x 
chat h , b. J. 
cloathe, b. 
uncloath, j. X 
(loathing, J- 
bedcloaths, J. 
bodycloaths, j. 
gravecioaths, J. 
cradlecloaths, j. 
clew, j. b. wb. 
cobbler, b. j. wb.— 

coalcs,, b.m. 
coax, j. 
condolance, m, 

COCiiZ, C. 

cockrel, b. m. buc. 

coal. j. and others. 

collier, j. wb. coalite?', wb. 

coalier, wb. coalery, c. 

colliery, J. coliery, m. 

coap, m. 

cockney, j. wb. 

cockneys 

cocao, b. c. 

cacao, d c. 

codle, j. wb. 

codling, a young codfish. 

coddling, see p. 74. [b.wd. 



i Oister, Bailey prefers i. Rule 6. This is one example, among 
many, in which common practice differs from the best authority. 

2 Sir Thomas More wrote a letter with a COLE. See Johnson 'g 
Dictionary. Coal and collier are anomalous. Neither is analogical- 
ly correct Col is the Saxon, and final e in English, makes the long 
sound. Kole is Teutonic. 



262 



APPENDIX. 



cognizance, b. Br. wb. 

recognizance, b.- m. 
coins, b. j. m. 



coif,' b. j. Rl 17. 
coiffure, j. 
coil, b. J. 
coits, m. buc. 
colonade, 2 b. Rl 23. 
collet, j.= m.- 
colofony? Rl 14. 
colofony, Rl 24, 14. 
colofony, 3 Rl 23. 24. 
colter, 4 m. b. Rr. wb. 

cumber, m. Rl 8. 
compas ?« Fr. Rl 23. 
like canvas, which see. 



connizance, m. 
cognisance, b. m. 
recognisance, sr.X 
coigne, c. 
quoins, b. c. 
quines, m. buc. 
quoif, b. 
quoiffure, j. 
quoil, d. c. 
quoits, M. BUC. 
colonnade, b. j. 
colet, B. M. 
colophony, b. j. 
colophonia, b. 
colofoma, B. 
coulter, j. m.= 
culter, j. 
comber, m. 
compass, 4 m. j. 



1 See pages 184 and 213, 

2 Like lemonade, promenade, serenade, cavalcade. 

3 In this word, as in many others, choosing a syllable from two or 
more variations makes the whole word right, according to genera! rules, 
tho the whole word thus corrected, isnnt found in the hooks. Johnson 
givs the final y which is English, and Bailey gives/ insied ofph, which 
ought to be corrected through the whole language. It is gradually 
gaining ; fantom, frenzy, gulf-, and others are established, and it is 
hoped that we may yet see orthngrafy, geografy, and that nume- 
rous class of words, simplified in the same manner. The Spanish 
have done so, and all the world applauds. 

* Common pronunciation gives this word with long o, but its deriva- 
tion requires u. Cultor Saxon, culter Latin, a knife. 

5 ASS in the end of words, when not underthe accent, should be rejected 
as it is generally contrary to the etymon, and tends to a false pronun- 
ciation, as compass insted of compas. Nearly every one, of this class 
of words, is variable. Let us see how they would look when corrected, 
canvas compas dowlas hippocras 

cutlas bias trespas Christmas 

atlas haras embarras sassafras 

Six of these are written, according to Dictionaries, with single s, 
and six with double ss. Let the erudite reader determine which and 
why? 



APPENDIX. 



263 



complexion, b. m. j.py.Rl22 
connexion,' b. J-x w. Buc. 
inconnexion, An. 
complete, b. m. j. Buc. 
compromited, wb. 
compromiting,wb. see p.228 
comrad ? [note 4. 



con, j.Br. 
condolence, wb. 
condyl, wb. 
congele ? An. 
congelation, j.y B. 
congelable, c. 
congelement, An. 
construe, b.- m. 
controlable, m. see p. 202 
under uncontrolable, m. 



complection 
connection, A. b. wb.- 
inconnection, j. Hist, in his 
compleat,B buc. m. [Diet, 
compromitted, p. 
compromising, p. 
comrade, j. 
comarade, h. b. 
comerade, m. camrade, b. 
conn, m. 
condolance, m; 
condyle, p. 
congeal, j. H- 
congealation 
congealable, b. j. 
congealment, j. 
conster, b. m. 
controllable, j. Br. 
uncontrollable, wb. 
uncontroulable, b. 



t See Flexion and its compounds. The state of these words, in all 
our dictionaries, shows how very little attention has been paid by lex- 
icographers to orthography. They have often blindly copied, and ad- 
ded their own, to the errors of their predecessors, until the whole 
needs a thorough revision ; which it is hoped some able hand will un- 
dertake. It would be very useful to substitute x for ct wherever this 
combination occurs. It would be simply incorporating the two letters, 
for t, in all such cases, has the sound of s, and cs contracted is x. If 
many petsons of education cannot tell whether they should write ct or 
e, it would be doing no great violence to write x uniformly, and at 
the same time economize the labor of the PEN, which occupies so 
great a portion of the time of such multitudes of men, in every civiliz- 
ed community. If he is a public benefactor who can make two spears 
of grass grow in the place of one; surely, he who should abridge the 
enormous labor of perpetually writing a multitude of useless letters, 
will deserve his share of gratitude. But when the labor of learning 
is considered, the consideration rises in imj .irtance, and becomes in 
fact, immense and almost infinite. No man can calculate the mil- 
lions that might be saved in time and money, by a judicious simplifi- 
cation of our orthograyy. 

2 CoN6ELK,from gelu frost, Lat. gelid, gblable, &c all with x only. 
These anomalies are meieblundeis which should be corrected. John- 
son is once right and three times wrong in these four words. 



264 



APPENDIX. 



eontrole? 1 An. 



controler ? An 

controlership ? 
controleraent. ? 



convent, &. Br. c. 
cony, 3 fl. a. d. Br. j. py. 
conies, wb. 

pony, w. Br. m. j. b. Rl 7. 
crony, vv. py. j. 
hony,B.under&ee. honied, j. 
mony, b. monied, c. 
copse b. sr. m. j. d. Rl 23. 
copier, j. py. a. wb. Rl 3. 
copist, b. m. py. j. wb. 

coquet, b. m. d. s. wb. 



control, b. j. d. a. wb. 

control!, b. wb. 

controul, 2 p. 

comptrol 

comptrulljj. wr. 

counter roll, b. 

counter rot, c. 

controller, b. m. j. d. Br. 

comptroller, m. d. j. Br. 

control/ership, wb. 

controlment, b. d. j. sr. wb. 

controllment, wb. 

count errolment, c. 

covent, b. d. c. 

coney, b. a. wb. 

coneys 

poney, o. 

croney, o. 

honey, b. j. honeyed, A. 

money, b. j. moneyed, j. c. 

coppice, m.= d. j. b. Br. wb. 

copyer 

copyist, wb. 

cocquet, m. a. 

coquette, b. c. a. Fr. 



x See page 202, Note 2. From the French controler, hoth etymol- 
ogy and analogy require final e and one I. This is according to the 
great analogy of final e lengthening the foregoing vowel. OLI> might 
be rejected entirely without loss, and with advantage, noix and loll 
are short and might drop one 1, dol, lol. Bole, pole, role, scrolh, 

DHOLE, STROLE, TROl E, TOLE, ENROLE, UNROLE, MUSROLE, fATHOLE, FI- 

trole, like console, cajole, condole, pistole, parole. Some of these words 
are corrected, and others are variable, and analogy ought to prevail 
over vicious practice, and contradictory cacography. 

3 CONTROUL, This form is often seen in books and newspapers. 
It is worse than ol or oil. OU should be ou like THOU ; and OW, 
long like OWE Soul is from the saxcn, more correctly SOWL like 
bowl. By observing these two simple rules, a multitude of anomalies 
might be corrected. They appear to be authorized by the Saxon. 

3 Cont is sounded short like honey and money ; and has lost the «, 
like a multitude of others; and in the derivatives of money and honey, 
honied and mom ed, the ey is changed to t, as it ought to be in all the 
word* of that form in the language. EY is useless and obsolescent. 



APPENDIX. 



265 



coquelico, wb. Rl 23. 
contemporary, • d. Br. b. wb. 
coraline? An. 
cordwainer, b. m. d. j. 
coroner, 3 m. py. Br. A. 
cornelian, 3 b. m. p. j. a. 
corn el ion 

cornice, b. Br. m. j. wb. 
corslet, b. d m. Rl 23. 
cottage, b. 
cot i lion ? 4 An. 

cotery? An. Rl 24. 

like, revery, b. w. j. 

coul, b. m. Rl 8. 

coulstaff, b. 

cot, a bed or house, b. m. d.j 

cozen, to cheat, m.- Br. d. j 

cousin, a relation, j. d. Br. 

could, 5 B. 
coverlid, b. a. 
councilor, py'sR. wb. 

counselor, py's r. wb. 



coquelicot, wb. 
cotemporary, j. Br. d. b.= 
coralline, wb. 
cordiner, b. d, j. 
crowner, m. a. 
carnelion, j. py. 
carnelian, j.+ A. c. wb. 
cornish, b. m- 
corselet, m. d. j. Br. 
cotage, b. 
cotil/ion, c. A. Br. 
cotillon, c. py. wb. A. 
coterie, b. Br. pr. wb. 
reverie, Br. Fr. 
cowl, M.- J. 

cowlstajf", j. wb colstaff,wb. 
cote, b. j. coat, j. Br. 
cott, A. wb. 

ten, b. m. A. 
cousen, a. cozin, m. 
cosin, b. cosen, b. 
cozen, b. cousen, b. 
cood, o. 

coverlet, j. b. a. 
council/or, a member of a 
counsel/er, a. [council, wb. 
counsel/or, b. d. j. Br. 



i In all words from the Latin, compounded with con, we wrl-te co, 
before a vowel, and col, com, con, cor, before consonants, as, co-agu- 
iate, co-eternal, co-incide, co-operate, co-urgent, and coZlate, compose, 
connate, correct 

2 Corona Lat. a crown ; coroner or crowner, an officer of the crown : 
but in America we use coroner for an officer who inquires into the 
cases of accidental death. 

3 Not from carnis, of flesh Lat. but from cornel, a cherry from 
the resemblance of the polished stones, to cherries. Webster 's 4to 
distinguishes carnelian, a stone, from cornelian, a tree. See page 105. 

4 bee Letter 50, and page 229. 

5 Gerard's Herbal gives COOD, WOOD, and SHOOD, for could, 
would, and shovld. 

6 Martin dues not distinguish these two words, he gives councel, an 
assembly, and councel, consel, B. counsellor, one that pleads at the 
bar. Counseled, eounseling, counselable, WB. 4to. See page 225. 

X 



266 



APPENDIX. 



counterpoize 
poize, 1 j.X d.= p. A. c. 
avoirdupoize ? An. 
equipoize, d. 
overpoize, An. 
cumfry, buc. Rl 7. 
cumfry, buc. Rls 8 & 7. 
curmudgeon, 2 o. Br. j. 
colander, m. d. j. c. wb. 

covy, 3 b.- a.- Rl 7. 
couhage, d. c. Rl 8. 

covin, j. wb. 
crafish ? 4 



counterpoise, j.X m.f.awd 
poise, m. c. 

avoirdupois, j.+m. d. A.wb* 
equipoise, j.x m. f. a. wb. 
overpoise, j.x m. d. f. a. c. 
cumfery,M. cumfrey,B.w.wb. 
corafrey, M.B.w.comfry, wb. 
cormudgeon, b. m. 
cullander, b.= m.- buc. 
cidlender, p. 
covey, j. Br. wb. 
cowhage, Eaton' sBotany.wb 
cowitch, d. wb. vulgar, 
covine, j. 
crawfish, j. wb. Br. d. 



1 Murray's Grammar has an exercise specially designed to teach 
us "to spell poize with z. This is right; and of course all the com- 
pounds must have z. Walker altered Johnson's orthography, but 
forgot to change the position of the word, and so S now stands, in this 
word, after T, thus, poiSon, 'poiTrel, poiSe ! ! Z is preferred by 
Rule 15, and avoirdupoize, from the same root, (poids, Fr.) ought 
certainly to have the same spelling. P, o, i, z, would be the best form. 

2 Curage, scurge, &c. with their compounds should be spelt in the 
same manner by Rl 8. but Johnson has given UR in curmudgeon, and 
OUR in other words, all derived from the French cceur, heart. 

Ash has made a ludicrous blunder on this word. Some person 
wrote to Johnson that curmudgeon was " a viciousmanner of pronoun- 
cing coeuk mechant, French;" and did not give his name. Johnson 
therefore gives credit, for the information, to "an unknown correspon- 
dent.^ Ash, not understanding French, or Johnson's English, in the 
present case, puts " CURMUDGEON, (sfrom the French coeur, un- 
known, and mechant, a correspondent) a miser, a churl, a griper." 
See Johnson and Ash." 

3 AGE is a frequent termination of the names of plants, as borage, 
smallag-e, lovag-e, cabbag-c, spinag-e, Wr. or spinach,- orag-e or otach ; 
sumach, \i\ach Wr. or liZoc. 

Couhage or cowhage. The Saxon U comes into OU or OW in 
English, as cu, cow ; thu thou, and many others. It would be a great 
benefit if this analogy could be uniformly observed. See note on con- 
trole. It would purify the language from a multitude of hateful anom- 
alies, such as bow to bend, bow to shoot with, sow and sow, mow and 
mow, row, row, now, know, tower, rower, bower, blower, &c &c. 
O are OE should be long O, like go, foe ; goes, foes : and ou should 
in all case be OU, as in thou. 

4 An established corruption, but neither w nor y belong to the word. 



APPENDIX. 



267 



(ecrevice, Fr. a crab.) 



cranch, A. 

or scranch, j. b. 

crier, wb. buc. Rl 6. 

creek, b. RI 10, 

cressent, 1 b. R124. 

croke, b. m. buc. Rl 9. 

crisis, e. 

critic, wb. 

croud, 2 M . j. wb. Rl 8. 

uncrouded, j. w. 

cruel ? An. Worsted. 

cruet, a small bottle, b. m. j. 

cruse, b. m. A.wb. 
crozier, a. Rl 15. 

cruise, a voyage, wb. 

to cruize, wb. Rl 15. 

cruizer, wb. 

crura, b. m. j. c. Br. wb. 

croop, 2 b. m. wb.- Rl 24. 

crooper, b. 

croopade, wb. 

crusade, b. a. d. Br. c. j. wb 



crayfish, j. d. Br. wb. 

crevice, h. b. buc. 

crevtSf c. 

crevisse, c. 

crevize, b. 

craunch, d. j. Br. wb. 

scraunch, wb. crunch, m. 

cryer, wb. 

creak, to make a noise, j. 

crescent, j. b. 

croak, j. d. Br. wb. 

crise, e. 

critique, Fr. 

crowd, j.-f- m. d. w.-£- 

uncrowded 

crewel, b. j. c. Br. wb. 

crewet, b. m. crevet, b. 

creuet, b. 

cruise, j. Br. d. 

croisier, b. 

croizier, b. crosier, A. 

cruise, b. d. Br. j. 
cruiser, b. d. Br. j. 
crumb, j.= Br. d. 
croup, B. d. j. 
crouper, b. m. j. 
crupper, d. Br. wb. 
croupade, wb. 
crusado, b. Br. j. c. 
croisade y j. b. a. d. Br. 
croisado, j. cruzade, a. 



i Cressent, this word with double ss, insted of see, is put down by 
Bailey repeatedly, as of undoubted authority. If we could correct all 
the words in see to ss, it would give simplicity and beauty to this part 
of the language ascoaless, acquiess, eflfervess ; like express, confess, 
distress, bless, &c. 

a Crowd and un-crowded ! Johnson and "Walker.-f- 

3 From croupe Fr. and should have the same form as troop, troop- 
er, from troupe, Fr. OU in French is 00, in English, and ought always 
to be so translated. Dr. Johnson indignantly condemns all French 
words. See page 84. 



268 



APPENDIX. 



crystal, m. j. wb. cristal ? 
crystaline, py. wb. A. p x 
crystalization, py. wb. a. 
crystalize, 1 py. wb. A. f. d. 



chrystal,u. p. 
crystalline, p.x m. 
crystallization, f.+ d." 
crystallize, j. Br. 
chrystallize, p. 



crystalography, wb. 

cue, m. d. j. c. Rl 12. 

cuerpo, j.- m. 

cuckoo, B. M. BUC. 

cucumber, b. m. j. 

curb, b. d. Br. wb. j. Rl 13. 

cupel, b. wb. 



currants, m. buc. 

corinths 

cur, A. Rl 23. 

curtain, h. d. j. m. Rl 8. 

cur tin ? 2 

custard, m. Rl 8. 



cutlas, b. Rl 23. 



crystalise, p. 

crystallise, p. 

chrysalize, p. 

chry3talise,p. 

christallize, p. &c. &c. 

crystallography, p. 

queue, c. kue, b. 

querpo, j. 

cuckow, b. m. buc. 

cow cumber , m.= 

kerb, b. m. d. a. 

kirb, d. 

cuppel, B. M. D. J. 

coppel, B. M. D. J. BUC. 

copel, b.= 

currans, m. buc. see p. 41. 



courtine, j. m. 
courtin, b. 
costard, m. 
cutlass, Br. d. j. a. m 
cutlash, a. 
cutlace, b. m. A. 
curt lass, m. 



i Ignorance or negligence has given to this common word, 16 dif- 
ferent forms. PERRY is right, and this is one of a thousand examples, 
that might be produced, to show the superiority of his work, over that 
of Johnson, Walker, Sheridan, or Jones. The h is rejected by com- 
mon consent, as it ought to be from all similar words. 

2 A selection, from these variations, would make a proper word 
curtin. The termination AIN when sounded short, might advanta- 
geously be replaced by IN, as cert'm, cerlmly ; mountin, movntinous. 
AI being a regular form of the long sound of A, would not then be 
equivocal. 



APPENDIX. 



269 



cyclopedy, j. Rls 5 & 7. 
encyclopedy, j. 
cyclopedia, d. j. 
encyclopedia, j. 



curtle ax, m. a, 
courtlass, b. cutle ax, a, 
curtel ax, Br. 
curtelasse, Br. 
cyclopaedia, b j. 
encyclopaedia, Brewster. 
cyclopoedy, b. 
cyclopede, c- wb. 



All words beginning with CY or SI will probably follow the preva- 
lent mode of substituting I for Y. It is not however to be supposed 
that any change in language, however useful, can be at once effected. 
All we can do is to observe the course and tendency of the language, 
and adopt those little and almost insensible improvements that spring 
up from time to time, nobody knows how or whence. The course of 
the language is towards SIMPLICITY and REGULARITY, and the 
present effort is to ascertain in detail the exact bearing of that course. 
The discussion cannot but beusefnl, whether the authors views (vues) 
are approved or not. He gives to the inquirer a key which will ena- 
able him to open the archives and examine for himself. 



Dabchick, wb. c. w. 



dabler ? 

dactyl, j. buc. 

daffodil, wb. py. b, m. buc. 



daily, m. w. wb. 
dain, b. (a in Fr.) 
dandiprat, j. b. d. c. 
damask, buc. w. wb. 
damson, , wb. w. 

dandruff, w. wb. 



dobchick dopchick 
dipchick, wb. c. 
dabbler, w. 
dactyle, b. m. w. 
daffodilly, c. py. daffodill, c. 
daffodown dilly, py. w.= 
daffy down dilly, b. m. 
daffadilly, c. 
daffadowndilly, c. 
dayly > wb.- 
daign, m. deign, j . b. 
dandeprat, b. dandepart, m. 
damascene 
damascene, s. c. 
damsin, b. m. 

dandriff, b.= m.= py. buc 
dandraff,m.= 3 ways. 



1 One/ would be better, as in Saxon, dandrof. 

x2 



270 



APPENDIX. 



darksom, b. 

daub,j.XD.xBr. w. wb. 

bedaub, Br. wb. mc. 

dazy, m. 

dazied, j. wb. A. w. Rl. 15. 

dazzle, m. j. wb. 

deboshee, m. b. Rl 24. 

debark, m. w. Rl 17. 

bark, m. 

defense, b, j. wb. R120. 

defy, wb. w. Rl 7. 

defier, b. d. j.x wb-Rl 6. 

denier, b. wb. w. 

delf, b. d. j. wb. Rl 23. 

demon, j. b. d. Er. Rl 5. 
demeanor, 2 wb. 
demy, 3 b. c. Br. w. c. A. wb 
demain, m. d. b. j. wb. 



deposit, d. wb. 
denizan, wb. 



darksome, j. c. 

dawb, b.-m. 

bedawb,j.x b. d. X and others 

daisy, 4" Br. wb. m. j. 

daisied, wb. 

dazle, m.= 

debauchee, m.- j. d. 

debarque, m. 

barque, Fr. 

defence, j. b. d. buc. w. 

defie, o. 

dejyer, wb. 

denyer, j.x 

delph, b. j. delft , 

delfe, j. 

daemon, Br m.- buc. 

demeanour, d. j. Br. 

demi, b= j. a.- 

domain, J. Br. 

demesne, m. d. j. Br. 

demean, j. Br. 

deposite, m. j. Br. w. 

denisun, m. see artizan 



i Bailey spells these words following - without the final e, which is 
agreeable to analogy, and nearer the original Saxon sum or som, than 
the present usual termination some, and ought to be preferred Jid- 
venture?om, blithesom, hurdensom, buxom, cumber som, fulsom, game- 
som, g7adsom, humorsom, irksom, lothesom, metllcsom, noisom, play- 
som, quarrelsom, ransom, transom. These seventeen, from different 
parts of the book, show what Bailey intended. If a lew are spelt with 
e final, we must suppose it was an oversight. This correction might 
well be extended to all words of this class. Blossom, bosom, che- 
soin, besom, &c. are without e final, as they should be ; and wh> half 
of these words end in some, and the other half in som, would be hard 
to say, unless we suppose that our lexicographers have delighted in 
contradictions and inconsistencies. 

2 Webster has corrected this long-continued and often-repeated 
contradiction. B. is consistent, but wrong ; Br. and Macredie have 
the words right, with u rather than w, according to Rule 8. Q3" Let 
it be understood that Walker piofesses to follow Johnson, even where 
he sees and declares that he is wrong. See the word Codle. 

3 Demeanour and misdemeanor !! J. W. Br.-f- 

4 Defier and denyer, J. -f* 

s Demi, in compounds, is correctly spelt with I, but demy with Y. 



APPENDIX. 



271 



dervis, d. j. Br. d. wb. 

destin, b. 
desert, m. w. 
despot, d. j. sr. wb. 
determin, wb. 12mo. Rl 
detracler, j. Br. Rl 
develop, d. j. Br. w. Rl 23 
development, wb. 
envelop, w. wb. 
envelopment, wb. 



dervise, Br. 
derves, Br. 
destine, d. j. Br, w. 
desart, j. m. buc. 
despote, b. m. 
determine, b. d. Br. 
detractor, wb. 
develope, c. 
developement, c. 
envelope, d. b. c. 
envelopement. c. 
dexterous, d. Br. j. m. w. 



sinistrous, d. b. j. w. 
dextrously, wb. 
dial, m. 

diaphram ? Rl 24 
dialist, j. w. wb. 
dialing, 2 py. Br. m. w. wb. 
dicker, b. c. not in w. 
dier, wb. 
dimity, j. d. Br. 
dime, wb - not in w. 
diocese, 3 bf. m. d, wb. dioce- 
dipthong, 4 p. [san, j -f 

tripthong, p. 
disciplin, wb. 12mo 
dispatch, Br. wb- ■ 
discrete, 5 j wb. 
deshabil, wb.- 

disinter, j, d. Br. w. wb. 



sinisterous, 

dexterously, b. Br. j. w. 

dyal, 

diaphragm, wb. Greek 

dial list, p. 

dialling, j. d. see p. 225. 

dicker, j. daker, buc 

dyer, wb. 

dimitty,m. b. 

disme, b. j. Br. 

diocess, j.~+- d. w 

diphthong, J. Br. wb. 

triphthong, d. j. Br. wb. 

discipline, wb. 4 to 

despatch, d. j. 

discreet, wb. j. 

dishabil, wb. 

dishabille, m. j. d. 

disinterr, b. m. 



i These words are discrepant in nearly all the Dictionaries Dex- 
tenus with the e and sinistrous without it. So Walker and Johnson + 

2 Dialist and dialling '. Johnson.^ Walker is right. 

3 "Diocess, the circuit of every bishop's jurisdiction." — Walkerand 
Chahner's dictionaries. 

" Bishoprick, the diocese of a bishop." — Ibid 
"Diocesan, pertaining to & diocese.'' — Chalmers 

4 Di/thong and tri/thong are better. 

5 The distinction in these words is useless; and e final is better, by 
Rule 9. 



272 



APPENDIX. 



inter, 1 d. Br. j. 

disc, 2 d. wb. 
dis-re-gard, w. 
gard, 3 b. m. d. j. w. 
gardian, Br. 
belgard, c. 
garden, j. w. 
vangard? An. 
countergard ? An. 
garanty? An. 
garanter ? An. 

waranty ? An. 
warant ? m. 
yard, w. ward, Br. w. 
warden, m. 
wardrobe, Br. 
wardship, Br. 
gardship ? 
disseize, b. Br. j. w. 
seize, j. 
seizin, 4 b. j. s. 



disenterre, j. x w. X Fr. 
enter r, b. 
disk, Br. j. w. 
d\s-re-guard 9 
guard, b. m.- &c. 
guardian, d. wb. 



vanguard, c. m. j. w. 
counter guard, c. wb. 
guaranty, d. Br. 
guaranter, d. Br. 
guarantor, wb. 
warranty, Br- 
warrantry, Br. 



guardship, d. 

disseise 

sease, b. 

disseisin, b. m. Br. j.+ w. 



i /nter, disinter, and disenterre ! Walker- 

2 Note. C being the original and proper letter, is always to be pre- 
ferred before a, o, u, and consonants ; and also at the end of words ; 
and if all the final Ws should be rejected, it would be a great gain. C 
before a, o,u, and k before e, i, y, should be universal. Ch, having 
the sound of k, might drop h, in the former case, and substitute k in 
the latter. In ck before I, the k might be dropped, as in ancle, uncle, 
carbuncle, caruncle, icicle, secle, hade, made, cade, and zinc, thine, 
disc, fisc, blanc, thauc, arc, hare, wic, thic. Ck or c final before a 
vowel might reject c, or assume k, as in blanc, blanket; traffic, trffik- 
ing. The Saxon C will eventually claim its right. 

3 Gard, yard, and ward, were originally the same word. In tb« 
Saxon, g, w and y, were frequently interchanged ; but we ought by no 
means to useg- and w, or u in the same word, as in guard. Further, 
our word gard, is immediately from the French garde, without the u, 
for the g must be hard of course before a, and the u is useless. Nothing 
but ignorance, or inattention, could have produced and retained gvard 
and regard, garden and g-imrdian. Such words disgrace the lan- 
guage, and increase manifold, the difficulty of learning. 

4 Seizin with z, and dis-seisin with s / Walker.X Johnson ha* 
these words all with z except one ! Z is right, but the puzzling digraph 
•«' should be rejected. See page 250. 



APPENDIX. 



273 



dis-seizor, b. Br. J. s. w. 
dis-seizee, b j. s. 
distil, Br. m. j. 
distilment, j. w. 
distilation ? 
divest, d. Br. j. wb.- 
docil ? An 
indocil, 1 j. Br. 
doctrin, wb. 12 mo 
docket, Br. wb.- 
doggerel, w. wb. 
dogerel ? 
dolphin, wb. 
dor, m. 

dossil, c. j. Br. wb. buc. w. a 
like fossil [pledget 

dorsel, b. m. Br. buc. a cur- 
dorse, wb. [tain 
dosser, 2 m. wb. a bundle 
dotterel, j. Br. wb. 
douse, wb. j. Br. 
dower, wb- j. b. buc- 

flour, 3 wb. 
downfal, j. Rl 26 
downhil, 4 j. 
uphil ? An Rl 26 
draft, j. x wb Rl 23 



distil/, b. wb.- 
distil/ment, wb.- 
distil/ation, w. wb.- 
devest, b. m. d. j. 
docile, j.4- Br. b. 
indocile, b. Br. 
doctrine, j. 
doquet, J = wb. 
doggrel, B. m. h. 
dogger ell, wb. small 
dauphin, Fr. 
dorr, j. 

dosil, b. dossel, b. 
dozel, b. m. 
dorsale, b. dossale, b. 

f, B. M..EUC. 

dorser, m. w. dorsel, w. wb. 

dotterell, o. 

dowse, m. 

dowry, j. Br. buc. 

dowery, j. Br. 

flower, j. w. see p. 43 note. 

downfal/, wb. 

downhil/, w. wb. 

uphil/, j. x 

draught, 5 j. Br. w.- 



i Docile and mdocil ! Johnson and Walker.+ 

2 These words are much confused in ihe dictionaries, and may per- 
haps be all wrong, and all mean the same thing, in the general idea 
of back; as a back load, a back curtain, a basket carried on the back, 
and a dressing for the back of a wound. If this conjecture is right, 
the proper word is dorsal, and the words basket, curtain, dressing, 
and burden, are understood. 

3 The progress of the language indicates a general change of this 
w to u, when under the accent, and sounded ou as in thou. This is 
right. 

4 Up hill with twol'sand downhil with one ! Johnson. X 

5 Drafts and checks are of so much importance in commerce, that 
it is in vain to attempt the suppression of their names. Future lexi- 
cographers will probably find it necessary to give that rank to these 
two words which has hitherto been denied them. 



274 

drafts, wb. - a game 

draff, wb. buc. 

dozen, m. j. 

dram, b. j. buc- wb. 

draul, b. Rl 

drazzle, m. 

drizzle, m, j. wb. 

dazzle, j. Br. wb. 

driblet, j. Br. 

drole, 1 Br. 

drolery ? An 

drouth, wb. 

droutby 

drily, b.+ a. Rl 6 

driness, b. x 

shily, j. d. e. A. 

shiness, j. d. e. 

slily, c. e. 

sliness, 2 j. d. b. e. a. c. 

drier, wb. 

dried, wb. 

drousy, b. m. Rl 

drousily, b. 

drousiness, b. 

drouse, An. 



APPENDIX. 




draughts 
draugh, jr. w. 
dosen, m. 

ichm, buc. Greek 
drawl, j. Br. 
drazel, j. Br. wb. 
drisle, m. 
dazle, m. 

dribblet, b. m. wb. 
droll 

drol/ery, j. Br. 
drought, j. sr. 
droughty, j. Br. 
dryly, j.X Br. d. e. c. wb. 
dryness, J. d. Br. e. a. c. wb. 
shyly, c. 

yness, Br. b. a. c. 
slyly, j. X A. 
slyness, no author. 
dryer, d. Br. j. 
dryed, wb. 

owsy, m.- J. D. sr. 
drowsily, j. Br. 
drowsiness, d. b. j. 
drowse, J. d. Br. wb. 



» Drole. All words of the form oil sounded long, should be spelt 
with final e, like this in Barclay. See enrole and controle. 

2 No dictionary, which I have yet seen, is consistent with itself; 
nor do they all agree upon any one of these words, except sliness. 
Bailey has drily driness shyness sliness! 

Dycke has dryly dryness shily shiness sliness 

Entick has dryly dryness shily shiness slyly or slily sliness 
Ash has drily dryness shily shyness slyly sliness, and in 

definition shiness. 
Chalmers has dryly dryness shyly shyness slily sliness, 4 and 2 
Johnson has dryly dryness shily shiness slyly sliness ! ! .' 

Six words, and three contradictions ! and in this he is followed 
by WALKER, Sheridan, Jones, Allinson, &c. &c. 
Fenning has dryly dryness shily shiness slyness 

He follows Johnson in four, omits one, and misspells one which J. 
had spelt right. Who can hereafter have any confidence in English 
Lexicographers ? 

If Walker saw these contradictions, why did he not mention them ? 
If he did not see them, what will be thought of his sagacity ? 



APPENDIX. 



275 



dredge,B.wb.fo sprinkle flour 
dredging box, w.- [on meat 
duchess,wb. see arch duchess 
ducat wb. 
ducatoon, Br. wb. 
duce, m. 
duse, wb . 
duc&ingstool, J. d. wb. 



dueling, wb. see p; 225 
dulhead, j. d. Rl 25 
dulbrained, j. wb. 
dulness, d. j. Br. w. 
dum ? An. 
dumly ? An. 
dumness ? An. 
dumfouhd, wb. 
dunghil, j. 
dier, j d. wb. Rl 6 
dy, m. dying, 1 m. w. 
died, p. 



dike, d. j. 



drudge, j. Br. 
drudging box, j. Br. 
dutahess 
ducket, m. 
duckatoon, m. 
deuce, d. Br. 
dewce, m. dewx, b. 
cuckingstool 
duckingstoll, b. Br. 
cuckingstoll, b. 

dullhead, wb. 
dullbrained, wb. 
dullness, wb. 
dumb, j* wb. 
dumbly, j. wb. 
dumbness, d. j. wb. 
dumbfound 
dunghill, b. wb. 
dyer, wb.- 

dye, j. wb. dyeing, wb. 
die, c. d. dyed, wb. 
dyke, J. 



1 Dying, expiring, and dying, coloring, are alike in Martin, as 
they ought to be everywhere. Martin makes no distinction in any 
form of the two words. He has dy, dye, and die, to expire, and to 
color. 

Note. Five hundred words begin with ois, and ten only with dys. 
These last might advantageously conform to the general analogy; 
thus, cfc'scrasy, cfo'sentery, disodile, disorexy, dispepsy, t&speptic, dis~ 
phony, rfispnoea, disury, and the mineral, tfe'sluite. 



Echo, B. H. 
ebon, j. Br. 
economy, d. Br. 
ecumenical, wb. Rl. 5 
eft, A. j. d. b. wb. 
evet, j. M.wb. buc. 
eilethole, b. m. Rl 6 



eccho, b. h. 
eben, b. Br. j. 
ceconomy, sr. 
oecumenical, J. 
effy wb. 

ebbet, Rafinesk 
eyelethole, j. wb. 
oylet, b. eylet, w. wb. 
oilct, B. M, 



276 



APPENDIX. 



eke, wb - Rl 9 

electer, wb. Rl 24 
elflock, j. wb. 
elicit, d. Br. w. wb. 
eloin, m 



embassy , d. j Br. buc. 
embarrasment, b. 
embarass, m. see p. 5 
embarras, 1 w. 
embarcation, 2 j. d. c. Rl 13 
debarcation? Rl 13 
demarcation, c. 
embark, m. 
embezzle, j wb. 
embrion ? Rl 6 

hemorroids, m. 

hemeroids ? 



empannel,B. d. j. Br: f. py 
pannel, b. m. d. j. Br. p. 
like channel, flannel,scrannel 
irapannel, b. m, wb. buc. 
empress, wb- 
endevor ? gerard 
endeavor, wb. 
engineer, b. j. 
enhance, b. m. d. j. Br. 
enrole ? An. ROLE, b. h. 



enrolement ? An 



eek, wb. 

electrum, Br. 

etectre,j. Br. 

elveslock, j. 

elicite, j. 

eloigne, Br. eloign, m. 

embassadowr, Br. 

ambassador, b. 

embassage, d. j- Br. 

embarassment 

embarrassment, J. w. 

embarrass, j. d. Br. wb. 

embarkation, b. Br. wb. 

debarkation, wb. 

demarcation, wb. 

embarque, Fr- 

embezle, m. imbezel^u. 

embryon, j. Br. wb. 

embryo, j. d. Br. wb. 

haemorrhoids, M. 

hemorrhoids, j. Br.— wb. 

emerods, m. d. j. Br. 

emeroidSyM. d. j. Br. 

emrods, m. wb. 

empanel 

panel, d. j, Br. js. w. s. A. c. 



impanel 
emperess, j. w. 
indeavovr, m.- 
endeavour, j. 
ingineer, b. 
enhaunce, b. m. 
enroll, b. m. j. a. roll, b. 
inroll, m. inrol, b. h. a. 
enrol, d. Br. buc. 
enrolment, wb. 
enrolment, b.x d. J. Br. A. 



i Embarras, and embarrassment ! Walker. X 
2 So also invo/ce, convoke revo/re avowee. 

invocation convocation revocation avocation, Rl 13 



APPENDIX. 



277 



enroler ? 
enstal, b. 
instal, m. 
enstalment,' b. 
instalment, j. 
eolipile, wb. 



epaulet, b. wb. 

epitomy, wb. Rl 24 

epoc ? Rl 23 

epoch, b, m. j buc. wb. 

eringo, Br. b. wb. 

eraze ? An. 

raze, c. w.- 

razure, c.-J- 

erazure ? An. 

ere, 2 b. m. d. j. Br. 

ermin, wb. Rl 11 

error, 3 b. m. d. Br. buc. wb. 

escape, b. d. j. Br. wb, 
escalade, b. m. j. d. Br. wb. 

eschalot, d. j. w. wb. 
escalop, b. wb. d. c. j. Br.w 

escar, b. m. 

eschar, b.m. j. d Br w. wb. 

escritoir, b. d. j. Br. w. wb 
escutcheon, b. w. wb. 
escocheon, c. wb. 



inrolment, b.x H' a. 

inrol/ment 

enroUer, j. wb. 

enstalZ, m. 

instal/, d. j. m. 

enstaUment 

installment 

eolipyle, b. 

aeolipyle, M. 

aeolipylae, m. 

epaulette, Br. Fr. 

epitome, b. buc. wb. 

epocA;, o. epoccs, b. a. 

epocAa, b. m. buc. 

eryngo, Br.-wb.- 

erase, b. Br. j. d. c. w. 

rase, w. c. see W. dictionary 

rasure, c. 

erasure, ex wb. 

eer 

ermine, b. wb. 

err our, j. b. 

errata, d. j. Latin 

scape 

scalade, m. d. j. Br. 

scalado, j. b. 

shalote, wb. shalot, b. m. 

scallop, c- j. 

scalop, Br. scollop, c. wb. 



scrutoire, b. scrutore, m. 
scrutoir, b. m. 
scutcheon, c. b. 



i Bailey generally omits one letter in such derivatives as enstalmeni, 
enrolment, j. amasment, embarrasment, appalment, f. ; and in this he 
is often copied by Johnson. 

2 This word is from Sax. oe, early time ; aer, or eer, before ; erst, 
first. 

3 See the list of these words at the end of A, page 242. 

Y 



278 



APPENDIX. 



espousals, b. d. j. Br. w. 
especial, b. w. wb. 
espouse, verb, b. d. j.Br.wb 
espinel, wb. 
espy, b.m. d. Br. j. wb. 
esquire, b. d. j. wb. 
estrange, verb, B.o.j.Br.wb 
estray, Br. b. m. wb. 
astray, j. Re- 
establish, b. j. d. Br. 
example, b. j. d. Br. 
sample 

exemplar, wb. 
exemplary, j. Br. wb. 
exchange, b. d. j. bi. w. 
exchecker ? An 
exchequer, b. Br. d. j. w. 
check, b. 
excede ? An 
exergwe, b. c. wb. 
expunge, 1 w. 

excentric, b. c. m.-h. a.buc 
etiket ? etiquet, wb. 
eves, buc. 
evesdrop, wb. 
expense, m. j. bt. w. 
expenseful, d. j. w. wb. 
expenseless, d. j. Br. w. 
exsiccate, w.- wb. 
extasy, 2 b. m. Rls 19 & 22 

extatic, b. m. 
extreme, m. w. 



spousal, b. 
special, b. 
spouse, noun, b. 
spinel, wb.- 
spy, b. wb. 
squire, b. 

strange, adj. b. wb. 
stray, Br. b. wb. 

stablish, m. b. 

ensample, d. j. Br. 

sampler, j. 

examplar,Buc. exampler,wb. 

examplary, d. j. Br. wb. 

change, b. 

checker, b. 

chequer 9 j. 

cheque, 

exceed, d. Br. s. 

exergum, b. 

spunge, b. 

eccentric, B.c.M.D.H.A.w.wb. 

etiquette, w. 

eaves, buc wb. 

eavesdrop, wb.= 

expence, b. m. Br. 

expenceful 

expenceless 

exiccate, w. see his note 

ecstacy, b. m. extacy, b. m. 

ecstasy, c- 

ecstatic, b. 

extream, m. 



i Custom appears to have decided capriciously in some of these 
words, beginning with es or s, from escape to expunge. 

2 Our dictionaries are in a state of utter confusion with respect to 
this word and its derivatives. Ecstasy, ecstacy, extasy, and extacy ; 
ecstasied; ecstatic, and extatic are the changeable materials out of 
which learners have to make their election. Perhaps it may assist 
them to point out ecstasy, ecstasied, and ecstatic, as the spelling most 
conformable to the original Greek, and to remark that cs in contrac- 
tion is *'. 



APPENDIX. 



279 



eye, 
ey ? 
eyryS 
y, b.- 



M.- 



wb. aerie, see airy 



eie, m. 



ey, b. 



i Bailey remarks that " ey formerly written at the end of words, is 
now more generally and better written with a single y." This is right. 
EY should be rejected. See Letter 48. 



Fag, c. b. w. 

fake, b. wb. 

fagot, m. d. j. Br. w. 

faign, b. 

fait, b. 

fakir, b. wb. 

falchion, b. m. d. Br. J. 

falchon, m. 

falcon, b. d. Br. j. 

falter, Br. j. b. 

false, b. 

fait ? An. like salt, malt, hall 

falsehood, j. b. w.- 

faraows, b. 

fanatic, d. j. Br. m. Rl 14 

fansy ? An 

fantasy, m. j. d. Br. wb. 

fantastical, d. j. w. 

fantasm, m. Br. d- j. b. w. 

fantom, m.- Br. c. wb. 

farewel, m. Rl 25 
farther, b.- wb. 
farse, m. Rl 20 
fathom, b. m. d. j. Br. 
faucet, b. m. d. j. Br. wb. 



feag,m.feague,c. 

fac, B.fack, b. 

faggot, b. 

feign, b. 

fete, Fr. 

faquir, b. wb. 

fauchion,B.j.BT.faulchio?i,B. 

faulchon, m.j.fa^chin, ' J.Ab 

faulcon, m. j. 

faulter 

faulse, Br. 

fault, 2 b. j. 

falshood, M. b. J. 

famose, b. 

phanatic, d. m. 

fancy, d. j. Br. b. 

phantasy, Br. 

/fantastical, m. d. 

phantasm, j— m, d. Br. 

p/«antom, m. d. j. Br. 

fantome, b. m. h. 

farewell, b. j. Br, d. w. 

further, b. wb.= 

farce, m. d. sr. wb. 

f adorn, b. m. 

fawcet, m. f asset 



i Falchin, in Johnson's 1st and 2d editions of the great dictionary, 
and in the abridgments of the same, is a misprint, which is corrected 
in Johnson's revision of his own work ; and yet this mistake is faith- 
fully copied by Sheridan, Mavor, and others. VVitherwrung was with- 
out the second w, and was also corrected by Johnson, but retained by 
Jones, Walker, and others. See p. 228. 

a Fault, false and falter, are anomalous. 



280 



APPENDIX. 



feat. b. 

felly, m. d. c. wb.- 

felon, b. m. d. Br. j. wb. 

felness, Rl 25 

felwort, sr. 

fennel, b. d. j. Br. wb. 

felspar, wb. feldspar, wb. 

fief, wb. b. Br. d. 

fee, p, 

feef? 

feefee ? 2 or feffee r 

feefer ? or feffer ? 

infeef? or infef ? 

enfeef ? or enfef ? 

infeefment ? or infefment ? 

enfeefment? or enfefment ? 

feefment ? or fefment ? 



fauset, d. 

fait, b fete, b. 

felloe, d. j. sr. c. 

fellow, m, 

fellon, 1 m. wb. a crime, a 

fellness, b. wb. [whitlow 

fellwort 

fennil, m. 

felspath, wb, feldspath,xvb. 

feoff, sr. wb. 

fides, hat. fe, Spanish 

feoffee 

feoffer, Br.wb. feoffor, wb. 

infeoff, Br. wb. 

enfeoff, sr. wb. 

infeoffment 

enfeoffment, Br. wb. 

feoffment, Br. 



i Webster, Johnson and Martin do not distinguish these words. 

a Barclay pronounces these words long, as we generally hear them. 
So Mr. Walker was directed by his ear, which was doubtless more cor- 
rect than the Lawyers whom he consulted. See feoff, in his pronoun- 
cing dictionary. 

This class of monsters ought to be reformed and made English. If 
they should follow the pronunciation, they would be better, but still 
there would be duplicates, in the feedal (feodal) system of Burke, and 
the fudal (feudal) system of others; and in ttye feef (feoff) of Barclay, 
and the enfef (enfeoff) of Walker and others. 

FEE is a well known term for a reward of services rendered. When 
princes gave lands as rewards, they were fees, and thus the lands were 
fee-ed (/k-od) and the tenure was /ee-dal (feodal, feudal) by which 
they held their feefs (fiefs, feoffs, feods, feuds) or possessions. We use 
the word/ee for the same general idea of property " in fee simple." 

FEUD, a quarrel, should be spelt fude. It is from the same root as 
vighr, with the radicals r, t, or f, d. 

The other irregular sounds ofEO might be reformed thus, in people, 
change O into E ; in Leonard, leopard, jeopard, reject O, and in yeo- 
man, reject E. They would then be simple and analogical, thus, 
peeple like steeple ; Lena.td like reward ; k/?ard,jepard, like Shepard ; 
and yoman like Roman. 

The words above, like all those in this list, for which no authority 
is given, are proposed for consideration. All liberal discussion is use- 
ful i and those whose views may differ from the author's, will be ben- 
efited by having the subject fairly presented, and by seeing the differ- 
ent authorities subjoined. 



APPENDIX. 



281 



fude? 

fudal ? 
fudality ? 
fudary ? 
fudatory ? 
fude ? a quarrel 
fennigreek, b. m. 

ferrel, m. an iron ring 

ferule, wb 
fether, wb- 
fetid,j. R124 
fetus, j. 
feverfue, d. Br. 

febrifuge 

filbert, d. j. sr. 

fidler, wb. s. d. scraper 

fiber, b. m. wb. 

fillet, b. m. c. d. 

fibrin, wb. 

filter, b. m. j. d. Br. wb. 

fishgig, wb. 

finery, b. m. Br. d. wb. 

fir, b. 

financer, m. p. 

finess, wb. 

filigrane, b. wb. 

filigree, Br. 

flagelet, m. j. d. Br. wb. 

flaraboy, b. m. 

flant ? An 

flanting, b. 

flegrn, b. 

fleme ? Rl 14 

flier, wb. 



feud, D.Br. wb.feude,B. 
feod, b. d. j. Br. 
feudal, Br.wb. feodal.D.j.Br. 
feudality , Br. wb. feodality,wb 
feudary, Br. wb. feodary, b. 
feudatory, sr. wb. feodatory, 
feud, Br. wb. [b. wb. 

fen i greek, b. 
fenugreek, b. 
ferrule ', m. d. j. wb. 
verrel, b. m. verril, b. 
ferula, b. m. 
feather, j. wb. 
foetid, Lat. 
foetus, Lat. 
feverfeie, m j. Br. wb. 
featherfew, j. 
fetkerfewj wb. 

berd, m. 
fiddler, j. d. Br. wb. 
fibre, b. j. Br. d. m. 
filet, m. b. 
fibrine 

filtre, philtre 
pAilter, b. j. wb. 
fizgig, b. m. wb. 
finary, b. m. Br. wb. 
firr, b. 

financier, d. j. Br. wb. 
finesse, wb. Fr. 
filligrane, b. fiUigram, bZ 
fillagree, Br. filtegreen, b. 
flageolet, m.= 
flambeau, b. Fr. wb. 
flaunt, b. m. j. d. Br. wb. 



phlegm, b.- fleam, b. 
phleme, m. 
fleam, d. j. Br. 
flyer, wb.- 

y2 



282 



APPENDIX. 



flexion, 1 b. m. wb. 
deflexion, m. 
inflexion, b. 
genuflexion, b. d. 
reflexion, b. d. m. 
flirt, b. m. j. d. Br. wb. 
spirt, m. Br. 
flote, d. Br. Rl 9 
flotson, m. wb. 
flore ? see p. 28 Rl 9 
florin, b. d. Br. 
flud ? see p. 28 Note 
flue, b. 
flurish ? 
flour, b. wb. 
deflour, m. j. buc. wb. 
fluke, b. d. 

flummery, b. m. d. j. Br. 
fluorin, wb. 
fluxion, 1 b. wb. 
foist, b. m. d. j. sr. 
fole, B.- M. 
fome, b.- m. 
forage, b. M.Br, 
fulscap, see p. 6 Note 
forin ? would be better 
and so also 
suvrin ? 2 
sovereign, b. h. 
forelock, b. j. Br. c. 
forestal, d j. Rl 25 
foretel, j. d. Rl 25 



I flection, wb. 
deflection, b. d. j. 
inflection, b. d. j. m. 
genuflection, j. B.M.Br.c.wb. 
reflection, d. m. 
flui t, M.- 
spurt, m. Br. 
float, d. j. Br. 
flotsam, wb. flotzam, m. 
floore, o. floor, d. j. sr. 
floren, b. d. j. 
flood, j. Br. floud, o. 
flew, b. 

flourish, d. j. Br. 
flower, d. j. w.- 
deflower, b.= d buc. 
flook, b.j. flouk, B. 
flommery, o, 
fluorine, wb. 
fluction 
foyst, m. 
foal, j. sr. 
foam, j. Br. 
forrage, b. 
fools-cap, wb. 
foreign, 2 d. j. Br. 
foraign, o. forreign, m. j. 
souvereign, o. sovran, Aken- 
soveraign, o. [side 

foretop, m. d. c. 
forestal/, b. m. Br. 
foretel/, b. m. Br. 



t Fluxion, and its compounds are invariable, having always the X 
which is recommended for flexion and its compounds. Rl 22. 

a If these Norman words could be reformed and take an English 
dress, they would stand thus, forin, foriner t and suvrin, suvrinty. 
EI when translated, is AI ; the G is a useless intruder, and ought to 
be rejected; then these word9 would end in ot'n, sounded short, like 
curtain, certain, mountain, fountain, in which the I only is sounded, 
and it only ought to be written, thus, certin, certinty, mountin, moun' 
tinous. The Norman corruptions are the worst part of the anomalous 
words in the language. 



APPENDIX. 



283 



forfit?' R124 

fortunetel? R125 

form, m. d. 

forest, b. m. j. sr. 

foss, M. D. 

fother, b. 

fragil, m.- Rl 1 1 

fraight, b. m. better frait, 

frantic, b. m. j. [like strait 

freeze, m. b.- 

freze ? see p. 249 — 50 

freewil, j. Rl 25 

frenetic, d. j. m.frentic, m. 

frenzy, m. d. j.x Br. 

frenzied, Rl 14 

fricasee, m. 

frigat, b. j. 

frier, m. Rl 6 

frippery, buc. wb. 

frith, m.- Rl 6 

frizzle 

frizler, j. Br, 

froise, b. 

frolic, d. wb. 

frontier, d. m. d. Br. 

frowzy, m d.j. Br.wb. A. Rl 8 

frute ? see p. 84 

frumenty, b. j. Br. 

fuge, d. 

fuel, b. d. j. Br. 

fulness, b. Rl 25 

fulfil, b M. 

fulsom, b. 

fumows, b. see Let. 52 

funnel, b. m. d. j. Br. 

furbeloe, 2 m. Br. buc. 



forfeit, d. j. Br. Fr. 

fortunetel/, j.-f 

fourm, m. 

forrest, m. 

fosse, m. 

fodder, b. 

fragile, m. d. j. 

freight, b. m. d. Br. 

frentic, m.- 

frieze, m. j. 

frize, b. m. j. 

freewil/, d. Br. 

phrenetic,B.Br.phrentic,D Br. 

frensy, m. phrenzy 

phrensy, b. Br. m. d. j.X 

fricassee, J.wb.fricassy,M. 

frigate, py. wb. 

friar, m. d. j. sr. 

fryer, fryar, o.frere f Fr. 

fripery, m. 

fryth, m. firth, p. 

frizle, b. m. d. j. frisle, M. 

frizzier, see babler 

froyse, b. 

frolick, Br. 

frontire, m. 

frowsy, frowy, a . 

fruit, French form, j. wb. 

furmeniy,M. furmety, b.j.m. 

fugue, b. m. j. Br. fugha, b- 

fewel, b. j. d. Br. feuel, u. 

fullness, wb. 

fulfill, wb. fullfill, o. 

fulsome, d. j. sr. 

fumose, b. 

tunnel, b. 

furbelow, m. j. d. Br. 



i (Jounterfit, comfit, benefit, /or/i<, surjit, &c. should all end alike, 
a Reject the variable letter in each, and both words are right. See 
page 101, Note, and gibbous in this list. 



284 



APPENDIX. 



further, b. j. wb. farther, b. j. wb. 

furz, b. m. wb. furze, m. j. h. 

fuse, to melt, j. Br. 
fuse, a match, b. m.- h. 

[m.j. h. Br. wb. 
fusee, part of a watch, B.py 
fusil, a light gun,B.M.D. j .bt.- 

[py. wb. 
fusable ? capable of being 
fusil, j. wb. [melted fusite, b. h. 

fusee, track of a buck, j. 
fusil, a figure in heraldry, w. 
fusileer, b. wb. [j. wb 



fuz, py. 

fuzball, py. 

fy, b. d. j. m. py. e. Rl 9. 



fusee, b. Br. j. h. fusil, m. 

fusil, m. BY.fusy 

fusee, b m. sr. J. h. py. wb. 

fusible, m. b. j. h. Br. wb. 



fusilier, d. j. Br. py. 
fuselier, m. 
fuzz, b. m. r>. j. sr. wb. 
fuzzball, b. m. j. wb. 
fie, b. e. 



i Fusil, a gun, fusee, part of a watch, and fuse, a match, are con - 
founded in most of the dictionaries, as above in Johnson and Barclay. 



Gabardin, m. 

gabler ? 

gage, b.= d. j. Br. 

gaging, wb. 

gaiety, m. Br. b. d. 

gaily, J. 

gainess ? 

gaiters, wb. 
galeon, m.-' 

galiot, d. j.' Br. wb. 
galiard, ? 
like haliards, c. 
gaily, wb.= 
galipot, wb. 
gallipot, wb. j. 
gairish, d. j. Br. wb.- 
gamboge, d. j. Br. wb. 



gabardine, j. b. 

gabbler, j. 

gawge, j.- Br. wb. 

gauging, d. Br. wb. 

gayety, j.- Br. d. wb. 

gayly, j.**- d. Br, wb. 

gaieness, b. 

gayness, j. wb. 

guetres, Fr. 

galleon, b. d. j. 

gallion, d. m. Br. 

galliot, m. wb. galleoty wb. 

galliard, d. b. j. p. 229 

halyards 

galley, d. m. j. Br. 

galletyle, j. wb. 

gallypot, Ad. galleypotf acL 

garish, m. wb. 

gambodge,3. lstab 

gamboidea, b. 



APPENDIX. 



285 



gambrel, j. wb. 

ganch, j. b. 

gang, wb. 

gant, wb. 

gantlet, m.- j. d. wb. a 

gantlet, j. b. a punishment 



gast, B. J. D. 
gastly, m. d. 
gasted, b. 
gastness, b. 
gaud, wb. 
gaudy, J. d. E. wb. 
gauz, m. 



chambrel, b. 
cambren, b. cambrel, b. 
gaunch, b.= 
gangwe, wb. 
gaunt, j. Br. d. wb. 
glove gauntlet, m d. j. Br. wb, 
gant/o/?, m. 
gantlope, m. b. wb. 
gantelope, d. Br. j, 
ghast 

ghastly, d. j. 
g/tasted 
g/aastness 
gaude, j. 
gawdy, m.~ 
gauze, d. j. Br. wb. gause,v. 



gazel, m. Br. 

gazet, w. 

geer, m. Rl 

gard, d. m.b.j. see disregard guard 

geminy, j. wb. Rl 24 

gelable, d. j. wb. see congele|^ea/a6/e 

congelable, c. 

gelatin, wb. 

germ, d. wb. 

gernrin, ' j. 

gibe, j.-m. Br. d. c. Rl 6 

gibbose, 2 d. 

gibbosity, wb. 

giblet,j.B d.h. wb. see babler 

giglet, j. sr. h. wb. 



gawz, m. B.gaivse, m. d. 
gazell, gazelle, Fr. 
gazette, j. 
gear m. d. j. Br. 

M.-D. 

gemini, d. Br. wb. Lat 



congealable, d. j, b. 
gelatine, j. 
germe, j. Br. 
germen, b. wb. 

e, j. 
gibbows, d. wb. 

gibblet, b. 
gigglet, w - 



\ Germun is more common, but germin more correct, according 
with its derivatives, germinate, germination, &c. 

2 In all words of this form, and there are many, if we reject the 
variable letters in both forms, the letters remaining will show that 
form of the word, which agrees with the derivatives ; and which might, 
with great advantage, be uniformly adopted; as, gibbos, gibbosity, 
generos, generosity, verbos, verbosity, &c, OUS when not accented, 
is analagos to OUR, in honour, favour, &c , all which are now cor- 
rected on the best authority. See Let. 52, and p. 242. 



286 



APPENDIX, 



gigler, h. 

gib, wb. 

gibcat, j. wb. 

gibbet, d. wb. 

gimlet, b. d. Br. j. c. m. w. 

gipsy, m.- d. j. c. w. Rl 67 

gim crack, d. j. Br. 



gire, c. j. w. Rl 6 
girt, m. w. wb.= 
guitar, d. m. j. wb. 



gist, w. 
glede, d. j. 
gladsom, b. 
glout, j. d. b. wb. 
gizzard, d. j. Br. 

glair, h. wb. 

glazier, j. Br. w. wb. 

grazier, j.- b. d. w. 

brazier, w. 

glisten, m. j. Br. wb.- 

glitter, m. j. wb. 

glucin, wb. 

glue, m.- j. d. wb.- 

globose, d. w. see gibbose 

gloze, w. wb. 

gnar, d. j. Br. 

gnarled, j. Br. w. wb. 



giglot, b. c. wb. 

giggler, 1 j. sr. wb. 

gibbe,j.x sr. d. 

gibbe cat 

gibet, d. Fr. 

gimblet, D. wb, 

gypsy, c. wb. gypsey, wb. 



gipsey 



2 w. r. wb. 



gimecrack 

ginecrack, b. 

gincrack, h. 

gyre, Br. c. w. 

girth, m. Br. d. j. wb. 

ghittar, b. h. cittern, g- 

guitar e, b. g hitter, m. 

guittar, b- cithern, py. 2 

ghittern, b- m- h- gittern,wb. 

gest, j- wb- gite, Fr- 

glead, b- d- Rr- 

gladsome, d- j. b. 

glowt, m.- b- d. 

ghizzard, b- 

gizzern, d. 

glaire, j. 

glasier, 

grasier, j. b. d. w. 

brasier, w.- 

glister, m. 

glucine, p. 

glew, m. j. wb. 

globows, d. w. 

glose, w= wb. [gnarl,wb 

knur, j. knurl, wb. gnarr, b. 

knurled, knurle, J, 






l Gigg-ler and giglet, Johnson! These words, amonga multitude, 
show that our Lexicographers have had no settled principles to direct 
them, in reference to the right spelling. See Note on babler. 

* Such are the caprices of orthography, when rules are wanting. 

3 Walker prefers brasier with s-, and glazier with z ! 



APPENDIX. 



287 



gnarly 

gnarl, 1 d. j. Br. w, 

goblet, m, d, j. bh b 

goslin, m, b. 

gore, m, b, blood, or cloth cut 



knurly, wb. 
knarl, wb. knarly, wb. 
gobblet, w.- see babler 
gosling, 2 j. d. wb. 
goar, j. d. 



gondoleer, M: [widening ,wb gondolier, d. j. Br. 

gors, h. gorze, goss, h, wb. 
gorz, b, gorss, wb. 



gorse, w. wb. 
gossamer, w. wb. 
graft, j. d, Br. wb. 



grand u re, m. 
granit, wb.- 
garnet, 4 wb.- 
grapnel, j, w. wb. 
grapling, wb. 
granulose, see gibbose 
grass-plot, j. Br. w, wb. 
gray, j.- d. Br, w.- wb.- 
grayhound, b. = wb.- 
grayness, d. j. Br. b, 
graybeard, d. j. Br. 
greece, Br. w, wb. 
grese, wb,- 
grenade, o. Br. w. wb. 



grenadeer ? 

griffin, m. d. j. Br. w. 



gossomer,B.u. gossamor, Br. 
gosemore, h. 
graff, m. d, Br. 

andity, d. wb. 
grandeur, 3 j. Br. Fr. wb. 
granite, b. j. w. wb. 
granate, d. j. Br. b. w. wb. 
crapnel, Br. wb. 
grappling 
granuloz/s 
grass-p/a* 
grey, d. j. Br, 
greyhound, j. Br. d, 
greyness 



greeze, w. r. j, Br. 
grease, grise, w. r, 
grenado, Br. d. 
granade, d. 
granado, d. b. 
grenadier, m, d, j, Br, w. 
granadier, b, d,- 
griffon, Br, d, j. w. wb, 
gryphon, c. 



» It is somewhat difficult to determine which form is to be preferred, 
both are very knotty. 

a The diminutive termination LIN or LING, as in codZm, gosZin, 
goblin, is better without theg*; at least in many cases: as also EN, 
which has been mistaken for ing in stocken, like mitten,- and ticken, 
like chicken. 

3 Johnson, in addition to his strong condemnation of all French 
words, particularly marks this which Martin had corrected. 

* Dr. Webster prefers garnet to granate! Different words. 



288 



APPENDIX. 



grizzly, d, Br. j. wb. gray 
grizly ? * 

grisly, M.j.Br.wb, frightfm 
grizzled, d, w, 
grogram, d, m, j. Br. w. 

grorawel, wb, sm. Rl 25 



grotesk, b. wb. 
groop, wb.- Rl 24 
grous, d. 

grout, j. Br. d. m. head 
groundsil, b, wb. 



grudge, d. j. Br, w. 

guaiacum, w. wb. 

guelf, wb.- 

guess, 2 j. d. Br, wb, 

gild, b. 

gulf, m. Br. d, j. wb, 

engulf, wb. 

gunnel, d. j. Br. w, wb. 
like trunnel, which see 
gugaws, m, 
gurgle, wb.- 
gutter, d.j. Br. 
gutteral ? 
gAerkin, 3 d. w. 



grisly , M. for both 



grogerum, w. 

grogeram, j. Br \grogran,BT, 

gromweU, d, j, Br. wb, 

ummel, w. 
gromill, d. gromilf wb. 
grotesque, d. j, Br. wb, 
groupe, b. group, d, J, Br. 
grouse, d. j. Br. wb. 
growse, b, 
growt, j, wb 
groundsel^ wb. 
groundsel, b. d. Br. j, W. 
grounsel, m. 

grunsel,B . D.j.w*grundsel 9 wb 
grutch, b. j== w= 
guiacum, w. 
guelph, wb, 
ghess, j, wb, 
guild, b. wb. geld, b. 
gulpJi, m. j, Br. 
ingulph, w. 
ingulf, j. engulph 
gunwale, j-Br, d, w- wb. 
gunnale, b. 
gewgaws, j. wb, 
guggle, w= 
guttur, Lai. 
guttural, m. d. Br. 
guerkin, d. 



> There is the same reason for and against omitting a z in this 
word, as for d in sadler,fidler, pedler, &c. See Note on babler. 

2 The Normans inserted u or h after g to keep the g hard, as guer- 
don, g/terkin but putting u after g before a as in guard, was a blunder, 
for even the French have it garde. So also u after b and g, as in 
build, buy, guild, guy. 

a So also ghcss and g-?*ess. If we had g hard, both h and u might 
be spared. In gherkin h has prevailed, and in guess u is more com-* 
inon. Custom is capricious. 



APPENDIX. 



289 



guzler ? see babler 

gipsum ? 

gipseous, A. 

gipsine ? 

Habergeon, d. b. Br. j. 

habiliment, b. j. d. Br- c. 

hackny ? 

hacknied ? 

haddoc ? 

hagard, 1 b. m. d. j. vvb. 

hackle, d. Br. c- w. 

hagler ? see babler 

harebel, j. RIs 9 & 25 



hainous, m.- b.- wb. 
hacketon ? 

hake, d. j. w. wb. 
halberd, b. j. wb. 
halberdeer, b. 

halcion ? 
haliards, c. 
hallo ? 2 
qu. from hail,o 

halser, b. w. wb. 

halimas, b. 

holidara, c. h. wb. 

hammoc, d. wb. 
like maminoc, wb. 



guzzler, d. j. Br. w. 
gypsum, wb. 
gypseous, d. wb. 
gypsine, d. 
habergion, m.= b.= 
abiliment, c- 
habilement, m- 
hackney, wb. 
hackneyed, wb. 
haddock, m. d. j. Br. 
haggard, d. j. Br. e w. 
heckle, c. 

haggler, j. Br. hegler, b. 
harebell, Br. w. wb. 
hairbel, j. c- 
hairbell, d. sr. w.= wb. 
heinous, c-- d, Br. w. 
haketon, b. haqueton, j. 
hacqueton,j. ==wb. hecqueton 
haak, m.= w- = wb - 
halbert, d. halbard, m. p. b. 
halbardier, d. 
halberdier, j. c. b. 
halcyon, M.D.j.Br. alcyon^i, 
halliards, D.B.Br- halyards,B. 
halloo, b. j. d- Br. w. wb. 
hollow, c. holla, w. 
hollo, wb. 12 mo. 
hawser, b.d. 
hauser, haulser, c, 
halimass, j- c. w, 
halmass, j- hallowmas, c. 
holidom, b. halidome, h, 
halidom, c - b. wb. 
hammock, j. 
hamack, c. 



i Hagard, haggardly ! Johnson.+ 

2 This common word is spelt four ways in Johnson and Walker. 

3 00 for o long is not according to English analogy. 

Z 



290 



APPENDIX. 



hames, b. 

hamper, b. m. d. Br. 

hanch, b. m. d. 

handkerchef? Rl 24- 

kerchef? 

neck kerchef? 

kerchief, b. 

handrail, j, Rl 25. 

handsel, b.- d. j. Br, w. 

harem, c- 

harang, Eng. like hang 

harass, m. d. j. w. see p, 5 

haras ? 

harpooner, w. wb. 



harpsicord, b. d. j, see p-97 



harness, b. c. 
harrier, b.- d. 
heriot, m. d. 

harslet, d, Br. j. w. 
hatchel, b. d. j. w. 

hassoc, wb. 12 mo 

hattoc ? 

havoc, wb. 

cassoc, wb- 12 mo 

raattoc, d. 

hark, d. j. Br. 

hash, b. d. j. Bf. 

hasp, b. d. j. 

haul, m. j. Br. w. wb. 

haura, d. j. Br. w. hawm, d, 



haumes, b.= c. 
hanaper, d. m. j. 
haunch, d. j. 
handkerchief, d. j. Br. 
handkercher, m. b. 
neckerchief, j. neckatee, j. 
kerchezf, 1 d. j. Br. 
handmiM, Br. wb- 
hansel, m. 
haram, c. 
harangue, Fr. 
harrass, Br. 
harras ? like arras 
harponeer, d. j. b. 
harponier, m. 
harpooneer, b. 
harpineer, b. 
harpsichord, w. 
harpsecord, m. 
harpsecol, m. harpsicol, b. 
harnes, 2 b.= 
harier, m. j. w. 
hariot, m. d. harriot, m. 
herriot, m.- herit, b.- 
haslet, j.= Br. w. 
hitchel, B- d. j. hetchely wb 
hackle, b. j. heckle, b. d. 
hassock, d. j. Br. 
hattock, d. j. 
havock, d. j. 
cassock, d, j. 
mattock, j. w. 
heark-en, d. j. Br. 
hashe, b. hach, b, 
hapse, b. m. 
hale, d. Br. w. 
haulm, b. halm, b. w. 






i Kercheif. This is one instance, among many, of the careless 
copying of misprints. 

2 Double ss must be retained, or caress would be cares ; Jiness, 
fines i and princess, princes, changing both number and gender. 



APPENDIX. 



291 



hazel, j. b. d. w. 

hauk,M under screation 

hayward, m. d. c. 

headake, see alee 

heartake 

headstal, m. j. ab. 

hede, o. b. 

hele, h. o. 

hectic, d. m. 

hemloc ? 

hepe, o. b. 

hero, d j. bt. heroin, m=b. 

herse, j. c. wb. 

heron, m, j. 

hest, c. wb, 

herbalize, d. 

herbalist, d. c. 

herbarize, d. c* see p. 220 

hemorrhage, d. j. Br. 

hermit, Br. b. 

hermitical, b. wb. 

hermitage, b. wb. 

heteroscians, j. Br. 

hexaped, wb. see p. 23S 

hibernal, b. j. Br. c. 

hibernate, wb- 

hibernation,' wb. 

hibernacle, wb. 

hibrid ? 

hibridous ? 2 

hide, b. j. 

hickory, wb. 

hiemal 

higler, b. m. see babler 

hip, j. c. 



hazle, j. 

hasle, b. hasel, b, 

hawk, m. 

heyward, c. 

headach, d. j. bt. 

hearlach, j, sr. 

headstall f d. sr. w. j. 

heed, d. 

heal, h. 

hectic&, j. 

hemlock d. j. Br. 

heap, p. 

heroe, m.= heroine, d, j. sr. 

hearse, b. d. j, c. 

hern, m. Br. 

heast, c. 

herbalist, d. b. 

herborist, c, b. 

herborise, c, herborize, wb. 

haemorrhage, j. Br, 

eremite, d. j. Br. c. 

eremit, wb. heremite, c. 

eremetical, d. j. Br. c. 

heremetical, c. 

heremitage, c. 

eremit age, c. 

heteroscii, p. Lat, 

hexapod, by. a, hexapede 

hybernal, b. = h, 

hybernate, wb. 

hybernation, by. wb. 

hybernacle, wb, 

hybrid, d. j. Br. A. 

hybridous, wb. 

hyde, b. 

hecharry, A. 

hyemat, A. b. m. 

higgler, 3. hegler, m. 

hyp, b. d. j. 



i Ht'benal and hybeFnation! Barclay. X 
3 These words have often i in Latin. 



292 



APPENDIX. 



hippish, j. c. 
hipothenuse, b. m, 

hippogriff, Br. c. 
hippocras. Br. c- m. 
hipocras, b. folio 
hickup, D. b. j. m. A. 
hindrance, c. 
hilloc, wb. 
hiss, w. wb. 
hippopotamy, wb, 
hithe, 1 m.- 
hobler ? 
hoboy, m. b. d. c. 

hoggerel. w. c. wb. 
hogerel ? 
hoe, 2 b. m. j. Br. 
hogo, c. B. 



holster, m, c- w. 

so bolster 

hoiden, b. m. j. Br,x w. 

hoidening, An. 

hoist, b, j. Br- w. 

holibut, b. wb. 



holiday, Br. c. wb. 
holihock, b. 



hyppish, p. 
hypotenuse, j. d. w. 
hypothenuse, b. 
hoppogriff, o. 
hypocras, a 
hippocrass, j. 
hicket,M.B.H* hiccough, a. d, 
hinderance, j. w. 
hillock, j. a. 
ciss, wb. 

hippopotamus,- b. w. 
hythe, m. hyth, M. 
hobbler, b. 
hautboy, m. d. j. Br. 
hautbois, b. o&oy, b, oboe,B. 
hoggrel, b. h, 
hoggel, b, h. 

ho&', B. AI.- J. 
hogoo, M. B. 
haut gout, c. b. 
hogoe, b. A. 
holdster, j. c, 
boulster, o. 
hoyden p. 
hoydening, Br.X 
hoise, m. Br. b. w. 
hoyst, Br. hoyse, Br. 
halibut, j. w. 
hailibut, b. m. 
holybut, b. hallibot, b. 
holyday, d, j. b. c. - 
holy hock, j. b. 
hollyhock, Br. d, j. w. 



« All words bngiiiuing with % might substitute z with advantage, 
as the words above written, have done. 

2 Hoe from how, shows the progress of this class of words toward 
simplicity. The next step will be to reject e final, as in go, wo ; which 
is the simplest form, and having no superfluous letters, cannot be 
shortened, and probably will never be altered. How is analogous to 
bow?, mow, sow ; hoe is analogous \ofae, toe, soe, (a brewer's tub) and 
ho would be analogous to go, wo, no, lo. 



APPENDIX. 21 


hole, 1 h. c. 


whole, c. 


holm, m. d. j. 


holme, d. home, o. 


homestal Rl 15. 


homestal/, c. 


homested, wb. 


homestead, j. Br. 


hommoc 


hommoc&, wb. 


hone, c- j. 


hoane, c. 


hominy, p. 


hommony, wb. 


hoop, B. J. 


whoop, B. M. J. 


hoopingcough, b. m. d. j. 


whoopingcough 


honied, 2 d. j. w. 


honeyed, a. 


hony, b. the Saxon has noe. 


honey, b. j. 


so inony, 3 b. folio 


money, j. 


monied, c. 


moneyed, j. 


hord, b. 


horde, c, w. 


horehound, b. m. wb. 


hoarhound,j. 


hore, Chaucer 


hoar, p. 


hory ? .4n. gray headed 


hoary, c. w. 


horizon, b. j. 


horison, b. 


hozier ? 


hosier, j. w. 


ozier, 4 b. m. wb. 


osier, b, wb. 


hospitaler, b, P) r . 


hospitaller, j. 


household, d. j. Mr- 


houshold, 5 b. 


falsehood, w- 


falshood 


housel, b. j. 


howsel, b. 


hochjB.c.wb. 


hough, b, j. 


hoh, Sax. no u or g 


hox, c, hockle,wb. 


hotel, c- 


hostel, j. c. hostelry, c. 


hostler, c. b. d. m- 


ostler, c. b. j. hosteler c. 


hostlery, m. 


ostlery, j. b, hostry, m. b. 


housewife, m- 


houswife, huswife, b. j. a 


hub, wb. nave 


Ao6, wb. 


hue, b. m- d. color 


Aew, B. M. c. 


hue ? to cut 


hew, c. 



i Hole and holsom, b. are from the same root as Aate; there is no 
w in the Saxon, and no need of it in English. 

2 Moneyed and honeyed are monsters. 

3 Like cony, crony, bony, drony, pony. See cony. 

4 Like brazier, glazier, grazier, &c. 

6 Omitting the e, renders these words liable to a wrong pronuncia- 
tion, as houshold, jal-shood. 

z 2 



294 



APPENDIX. 



humpback, c. w. 
hungered, d. j. w* 
hudler ? German 
hurlbat, j. w. 

hurlwind, c. 
hurricane, b. j. m. w, 

hurst, d. j. 
hurtleberry, j. w. 

hiacinth, 1 A. b. 
jacinth, j. w. 
hy, 2 b, m. 
hyena, w. 



hunchback, c. w. 
hungred, d- c- 
huddler, c. 
hurlibat, m. 
whorlebat, m, 
whirlwind, p. 
hurricano, w, 
herricane. b. 
herst, d. j. hyrst, d. j, 
whortleberry, j.= 
whurt, j. 
hyacinth, j. w. 

hye, b. hie, b, j. 
hyen, w. 



i Hyacinth becoraesjacinth by omitting the h. 

2 This word shows the process of reformation, which is constant- 
ly and silently going on, in this class of words. Hye was the old 
spelling, then hie, and then hy, as above. Dy and ly have the same 
form in their derivatives ofying, tying, as Martin assigns to them, m 
their primitives. See p. 71, 



Icicle, j. c. 
lines ? Rl 25 
imagin, wb. 12 mo 
imposterp. 
incle, b. h. 
indigo, m. 
inrode, m. h. a. 
instal, b, 
instalment, j. 
instalation ? An. 
insted, wb. stedfast, b. 
instil, b. d. 
instilation ? An. 
institutes j. c-f. 
instructer, j. c. x 
inter, b. 
disinter, b. 

intendent, w. ft. / 



isicle, b. c. 
illness, j. 
imagine, j. wb. 
mpostor, wb. 
inkle, m. 
indico, m, 
nroad, m. h. a- 
instal/, d. J-J- wb. 
instalment, wb. 
installation, wb. 
instead, j. wb. see p. & 
instil/, j. wb. 
instillation, b. py. wb. 
iustitutor, j.x wb. 
instructor, j.x wb, 
enterre, Fr. 
disinterr, B: m, 
disenterre, j. c. Fr* 
intendant, b. wb* 



APPENDIX, 



295 



superintendent, wb- 
interest, j. 
intermedler ? 
interreign, b. j. 
inthral, e. 

inthralment, j. b. Br. c. 
invalid, j. sick 
invalid, 1 j. not binding 
intreage, b. m. 
invay ? Rl 24. 
convay ? 
survay ? 
purvay ? 
inveegle ? 
inventer, wb. 
irrevocable, j. wb. 
invoice, m. 
inwal ? Rl 25 
iron, j. 3 
iland, wb. ieland, wb. 



superintendent, n. 
inter ess, j.- 
intermeddler, j. 
interregnum, b. j. Lat. 
in thrall, j.x wb. 
inthral/ment, wb. 
invalide, Fr. 

intrigue, b. j. 
inveigh, J.+ 
convey, j.-*- 
survey, j. 
purvey, J. 
inveigle, j. 
inventor, j. 

irrevolcable, wb. 12 mo 
invoyce, o. 
inwall, j. 
iern, old spelling 
'island, j. 



i Johnson is clearly correct in spelling these words alike, original- 
ly the same, meaning not strong, as applied to the body, and to a 
contract. 

2 These Norman corruptions should be reformed. Ai, or ay, is 
the regular form of long a as in day, daily; and to change all the words 
that have ie, ei, orea, for the sound of long e, into double ee, would be 
of vast importance, to the learners of English. Those that have a 
final e, might reject i ; then the regular forms would be, intreeg, seze, 
seel, beleve, deceve, fyc. See p. 250. 

3 The pronunciation, of this and many other words, was fixed, be- 
fore the spelling was corrupted ; for example, bisness is better, accor- 
ding to old authors, than business. The vowel that follows r, is trans- 
posed, in pronouncing this and other words. 

4 That is ea-land, water land. Island is a bad corruption. 

For the variable words beginning with in, see the list of words with 
the prefixes en, in, un. 



Jackal, j. 

jag, J. 

jail, b. j. wb.- 



i jackal J, 

\gaol, 2 B. M. D. J. 



i No letter should be doubled, in the end of words, except S. 
a Gaol. This word is a monster. 



296 



APPENBiX. 



jailer, j. 

jam, b. m. 
janty, b. d. m. j. 
jant? An. 
jantiness ? An. 
jessamin, b. m. wb. 

jar, m. j. 

jandice? 

jelly, j. d. wb. Rl 16 

jellied, d. 

jennet, b. m. d. j. c. 



jenneting, j. wb. 



jill, c. M. 
jerfalcon, d. 

jereagle, j. 
jerk, b. J. wb. 
jet, Mi 
jeweler, py. 
jewelry, 1 Rl 23. 
jilliflower, p. 

jingle, wb. 
job, M. 
jocky r Rl 7. 
jocund, j 
jocundity, j. 
joke, m.- b. j. Rl 9. 
jole, j. Bl 9. 
joiance, b. Rl 6. 
joiful ? An. Rl 6. 

l These four forms are often 
of them on one house ! 



gaoler, i>. J. nr.w disapproved 

jailor , p. 

jamb, j. jaumb, b. 

jaunty, b. 

jaunt, b. j. 

jauntiness, j. 

jessamine, J. 

jessemin, b. m. 

jasmine, j. jasmin, ». m. 

jarr, b. m. 

jaundice, j. 

gelly, m. d. j. Br. wb. 

gennet, j. 

genet, d. j, c- wb. 

giunet, j. Br. c. wb. 

juneting, j. junetin, k. 

genneting 

geniting, m. d. j. Br. c. 

gill, j d. Br. 

gerfalcon, b. wb.- 

^erfalcon, b. wb. 

jereagle, j. wb. Bible 

yerk, j.x b. 

jeat, m. 

jeweller, b. j. 

jewellry, jewellery, jetcelery, 

july-flower , d. 

gilly-flower, d. j. Br. wb. 

gingle, wb. 

jobb, 2 b. 

jockey, b. j. 

jitcund, b. joconde, b. 

jucundily, b. 

joak, m. 

jowl, b. joll, J. 

joyance, j. 

joyful, wb. 



seen on signs ; in some places, two 



a However strangely this now looks ; it is just as good as ebb. 



APPENDIX. 



297 



joint, j. b. 

jointure, b. 

joist, B. 

jonquil, b. m. d. 

jouler ? Rl 8. 

jurny ? Rls. 7, 8 & 24. 

judgment, b. j. R] 23. 

jugler ? Rl 23. 

juce, wb. Rl 24. 

verjuce, wb. 

julep, b. 

juncate, j.- d. 

just, b. m. j. Rl 8. 



joynt, m- 
joynture, m. 
jpy st, m. 
jonquille, j. 
jowler, b. j. 
journey, 1 

judgement see p. 233 
juggler, j. 
juice, b. j. wb. 
verjuice, b. j. wb. 
julap, b.= j. 
junket, b. m. d. j. 
joust, J. 



i Journey, translated into plain English, is jurny. The plural is 
often seen in ies, as journies, then the singular must of course be y, 
and not ey. 



Keelhaul, wb. 

keelson, b. b. j. 

keltic, Turner. Bosworth. 

kelts, Turner. Bosworth. 

kern, j. 

key, m. j. 

keyage, d. j. 

kickshaw, j. 

kidny ? 

kidnies ? 

kill, b. m. 

a-kimbo, p. kimbo, h. c. 

kink, wb. 

kintal, b. m. c. 

knapsac, j. haversack, wb. 
knel, j. h. 
knob, d. j. 
ky, c. 



keelhale, b. j. 

kelson, j. c. 

Celtic, p. 

celts, p. 

quern, j. kirn, c. 

fcay, b. m. quay, b. j. wb. 

kayage, b. quayage 

quelque chose, J. Fr. 

kidney, b. j. 

kidneys 

kiln, b. j. kell, b. 

kembo, b. 

kenk, b. 

quintal, b. c. m. wb. 

kentle, wb. 

snapsack, m,- j. 

knell, b. wb. knoll, c. wb. 

knop, d. Bible. 

kye, h. 



HEMARK8. 

K and G before N, at the beginning of words, might very well be 
spared, nife, nomon, nack, naj> } nab } narl, nurl, &c. would all be im- 
proved by the change. 



298 



APPENDIX. 



Laboratory, m. 

labify ? 

lacrimal ? Rl 24. 

lacky ? 

lackluster, wb. 

lair, b. j. a "place of lying. 

lamel, wb. 

lamelate, py's r. 

lamelar, py's r. 

lam ? 

lamin, b. m. 

lamens, wb. 

lammas, m. 

larapers, b. m. wb. 

lampry ? 

lancer, p. 

lanch, b.- j.- w.- 

landfal Rl 25 

landscape, b. j. 

lantern, c. wb. 

laniards,* wb. 12 mo 

landress, b.- m. h. 

landry, b.- m. h. 

langrel, m. wb. 

lattin, b.j.m. see note, p. 47 

laystal ? Rl 25. 

laun ? Rl 8. 

lee, j. afield. 

lether, wb.- 

lethern, wb.- 

leven, j. 

lecher, m. 

lecherous, j. 

lechery, m. 

leger, 2 j. 

leming, p. 

lentil, m. j. c. wb. 



elaboratory, m. 
labefy, j. 
lachrymal, b. j. 
lackey, b. j. laquey, Fr. 
lacklustre, j. 
layer, b. 

lamella , py. Lat. 
lamellate, j. wb. 
lamellar, wb. 
lamw, j. see belam 
lamina, j. Lat. 

lammass, o. 

lampass, m. j. 

lamprey, m. j. 

lampron, wb. 

lancier, m. 

launch, b. launce, b. 

landfall, j. 

landskip, m- a. 

lanthorn, b. m. c. 

lanniards, b. h. lanniers, b. 

laundress, j. la van dress 

laundry , j. wb. launray.wb. 

langrage, wb. 

latten,B.= m. 

laystal/, j. 

lawn, j. laund, b. 

ley, j. lay, 3. 

leather, j. w, 

leathern, j. 

leaven, b. 

leacher, o. 

leacherous, b. m. 

leachery, m.- 

ledger, b. m. 

lemming, wb. 

lentile, p. 



i The reference to this word, C, at page 247, should have been wb. 
a The g- is softened by e, and d is useless. 





APPENDIX. 2iJ 


lepard, wb. 




leopard, j. wb. 


lerry, m. j. 




lere, b. j. 


lettice b. wb.- 




lettuce, j. letuce,B. 


lever, m. 




leaver, m.- 


hide? 1 R112. 




lewd, j. m. _ 


libertin, wb. 




libertine, j. 


license, j. wb. 




licence, b. 


licorice, j. wb, a root 


licorish, b. Hckorish,* b. 






liquorish, b. liquorice, wb. 


ly, m. falsehood 




lye, b. lie, j. 


lue ? 3 lutenant ? 




lieu, Fr. ftewtenant, Fr. 


linen, wb. 




linnen, m. 


linsy woolsy, m, Rl 7 




linsey woolsey, j. 


lilac, wb. 




lilack, m. lilach, j. 


lily, m. wb. 




lilly, b. m. 


lilied, f. 




lillied, wb. 


limegal ? Rl 25. 




limegal/, wb. 


liquify ? An. liqmd 




liquefy, b. j. 


lodestar, j. 




loodstar, j. 


lode?Rl9. 




load, j. 


lodestone, j. 




loadstone, j. 


loch, j. 




lough, j. 


lome, b. 




loam, b. j. 


loth, B. 




loath, b. j. 


lothe, b. m. 




loathe, b. m.- j. 


lothesome, b. see 


note on 


loathsome, j. w. 


lothsom, b. folio [darksom 


loathsom, b. 


lothesomeness, h. 




loathsomness,B. 
loathsomeness, j. w. 


loiter, b. 




loyter, b. m. 


loial? 4 An. from hi, 


Fr. 


loyal, j. 


roial ? An. from roi, 


Fr. 


royal 



i From the Lat. ludus ? play. This conjecture is about as proba- 
ble as the several others given in Bailey and Johnson. If it is right, 
hide would be the correct spelling, like crude from crudus, rude from 
rudis. 

a Xickerish, delicate, is a different word. 

3 Like sue rue true blue vue? subdue pursue 

suing ruing truly bluing vuing? subduing pursuing 
issue yutvue? rescue value 
issuing purlwe.? rescuing valuing 

4 Both etymology and analogy require i in these words. 



300 



APPENDIX. 



lorimer, m. j. « 

lout, B. M. J. 
Jour, m. 

lu, 3. 
luff, B. 

luker, 1 see p. 94 & 84. 

luff, b. see term 

luncheon, j. 

lunch, b. j. 

lunet ? lunett, wb. 12 mo 

brunet,wb. brunetl,wb.l2mo 

lupin, wb. 

luster, b. 

lustring, m. b. j. 

i. e. fostering, silk with a 

ly, m. lixivium [luster 

linage, m. 

linx, Fr. like minx. 



Ioriner, M. J. 
\lowt, B. 
llower, M.-s. 
jloo, J. 
\lough, b. 
lucre, Fr. b. j. 
loof, J. 
nuncheon, j. 
nunchzon, b. m. j. 
lunette, b. m. j. Fr, 
brunette, Fr. 
lupine, j. 
lustre, j. 
lutestring , b. m. 

lye, b. wb. lie, j. ley, Br. t. 
lineage, b. 
lynx, j. b. 



All words beginning with ly, might advantageously substitute i 
foxy. 



Mackerel, m. j. 
magot ? 

like fagot, m. j. b. d. 
magpy, m. 
mahomet, 1 b. 
mohammed, wb. 
mainprize, b. m. 
maiz, m. wb. 

maladministration, m. 
malcontent, p. 
manchineel, j,- 
mandarin, b. j. w. wb. 
manoover ? English, An. 



mackarel, b. mackrel, d. 
maggot, b. j. 
magget, m. 
magpie, b. j. 
mohamed, p. 
muhammed, p. 
mainprise, w. 
maize, b. j. w. 
zea mays, Botany 
maladministration, j. 
malecontent, w. 
manchineol, j. 
mandarine, p. 
manoeuvre, py. 
maneuver, wb. small 



i The people of Tunis, who speak Arabic, accent this word on the 
second syllable, and end with the d. Cowper accents the first. "Thus 
Mahomet's mysterious charge.'' 



APPENDIX. 



301 



mantow, m. buc. 
mantowmaker, m. 
manto? English, An. 
mantoe, b. Elphinstone, 
mantoemaker, Elp. 
many, p. 
any, p. 
mar, w. 
margin, b. 
marshal, b. j. 
markee, wb. 
marmalade, J. 



martin, 2 a bird, w. b. 
marten, a quadruped, b- w. 
martingal, b. j, w. 
farthingal ? An. 

martinmas, m. j. 

mask, j. 

masker, 3 j. w, wb. 
maskerade ? An. 

massive, m, 
massaker 4 
mastic, m. 



matins, m. w. 

matras, h. a chimical vessel 

matros ? a soldier 



matrice, m. a mold 



manteau, Fr. 

manteaumaker 

mantua, b. w. 

manluamaker, w. 

see Walker on the word 

meny, 1 Saxon 

eny, Saxon 

marr^ m. b. 

mar gent, b. o. 

marshall, b. mareshall, b. 

marque 

marmelade m. 

marmalet, b, 

maron, Fr. 

marten, j.= 

martern, b. = m. 

martingale 

farthingale, d. j. Br- 

fardingale, m. 

martinmass, b. 

martlemas, m. martlemass } B, 

masque, Fr. 

masquer 

masquerade, b. j. x W. 

mascarade, m. 

massy, m. 

massacre, j. Fr. 

masticA;, j. 

mastiff, j. masty, m. 

mattins, m. matines, m. 

matrass, b. m. j. 

matross, j. motitross, m. 

matrix, m. 



i This is one of very many instances in which the orthography has 
been corrupted, since the pronunciation was fixed. 

3 See No. 36, p. 49. These words are not commonly distin- 
guished. . v 

3 Masker and Masquerade ! Walker. X 

4 Sec note at p. 94. 



A A 



302 



APPENDIX. 






matress ? * a bed 

maukish ? 

mazardj j. 

meazles, b. m. 

medler ? 

medly, b. 

meen, b.- m.- 

raere, m. w.- only 

mere, b. w. a lake, 

melasses, b. m.= buc. wb. 

meliorate, m. 
mencar, p. 
merchandize, m. 

meslin, b. m. d. buc. 



metalic ? An. 
metaline, py. 
metalist, Py. 
mineralist, 2 m. w. 
metalography 3 
metalurgist, py. 
metalurgy. py. 
metaliferous ? An. 
meter, b. m. wb. 
mildew, b. j. 
millener, m. b, 
mimicry, wb. 



mattress, j. 
mawkish, b. j. m. 
mazzard, b. 
measles, b. m- j. 
meddler, b. j. 
medley, j. 
mien, b. m. 
meer, m.- 

meer, m.- mear, b, buc. 
molasses, c, w. 

dosses, m. w. c. 
ameliorate 
menker, b. m. 
merchandise , b. 
mercandize, b. 
mescelin, m. b. 
maslin, m. b. buc. 

'sling, b. mislen, d, 
mastlin, j. 
metallic, b. m. 
metalline, b. 
metallist, b. m-X w.x 
minerallist 
metallography, m. 
metallurgist 
metallurgy, m. 
metalliferous, py. 
metre, b. m. 
meldew 

milliner, f. c. milaner 
mimickry, j. 



i These four words should be carefully distinguished. ASS and 
OSS might spare an S, and mattress might spare a T, and thus con- 
form to the analogy of the others. 

2 Mineralist and Metallist ! Martin,X Walker. -f- 

3 Metalography is like cry sialography, which Webster has with 
one 1 in his4to Dictionary. Metalic, cephalic, aud oxalic are analo- 
gous, and two of them are always with one I; why should the other 
have two ? Perry has corrected four of these words, and forgot to 
correct the Jifth. 



APPENDIX. 



303 



mimon, 1 j. 
rnilion ? » 
mi new, b. 
minstrelsy, b. Bue. 

ministry, w- b. 

mink, wb. a quadruped. 

minx, m. a girl 

minuet, b. j. 

mirror, b. j. w. 

misbehavior, e. wb. 

raiscal, j. c. 

miter, j. m. d. 

misdemeanor, j. w. e. wb. 

demeanor, e. wb. 

misprision, b- j. m. 

mizzle, m. 

mis-spel 2 

mis-spell 

mis-speak, j. c. py. wb. 

mis-spend, m. buc. 

mis-spender, An. 

misselto, A. 



mistery, at. a,- p. 3 Rl 6. 
com mixion, 4 w. 
mizzen, d,- w. 
mone, m.- b.- Rl 9. 
mote, b. m. d. 



minnion 

million, b. j. 

menow,B. M.H.minnow,w.wb. 

minstrelsey, w. wb. 12 mo 

minstralsy, b. 

ministery, b. 

minx, Harlan 

minks, m.= 

menuet, m. b. 

mirrour % m. b. 

misbehaviour, j. 

miscall, m. 

mitre, j. m. d. 

misdemeanour, m. 

demeanour, 5 J.w-x 

misprison, b. folio 

misle, m. - h, buc. 

mispel, d, c. py. 

mispell, w. wb. 

mispeak, w. 

mispend, j. d. w. c. wb. 

mispender, j. wb. 

misseltoe, b. a. d. 

misseldine, b. a. h. d. 

misletoe, m. d. c. wb. 

missletoe, b. h. 

miseltoe, buc. mistleto, py. 

misleto, Gregory's Diet. 

mistletoe, a.- j. d w. c. 

mystery, m. a £raete 

mixtion, w, b, mistion, b. f, 

mizen, d. missen,D. misen,D. 

moan, j 

'moat, b. m.- 



i Why should L have a privilege denied to N ? 

* Mis-spel is mis-spelt in every Dictionary which I have seen. One 
I is according to rule 25 ; but one s seems to be a mistake. 

3 Fenning remarks on mystery, a trade, with v, and says it is im- 
proper. 

* Mix/ion and com-mixion ! w.-f- 

* Demeanour and misdemeanor ! Johnson and Walker. -J- 



,304 



APPENDIX. 



niohawk, d. 

mold, b« buc. wb - shape 
molder, An. 
moldiness, wb. 
molding, wb, 
mole, m. d. 
molehil ? Rl 25, 
molt, b. wb. 
mony, 1 b. d. 
monied, m. 
morel, m. d. wb. 
moresk, b. j. c. 

morter, b. Rl 18. 
morris, b. m. j. w- Rl 20. 
mosk, b.- d.- buc. wb. 

motly, b, m. 

moslem, p. 

mue, m. Rl 12. 

mufler? 

mulatto, m. wb. 

muleteer, j. wb. 

mullen, b. m. wb. 

mum, 2 b. 

mummery, b- j. m. d. w,wb 

munday, m. 

mungrel, m. d. w. wb, 

murder, b. m- see p. 252. 

muscatel, wb. 

musketeer, j. d. wb. 
musket, j. wb. 

rausketo 3 



mohock, d. 

mould, b.- j. 

moulder, j. 

mouldiness, c. 

moulding, c. 

mold, b. 

molehill 

moult, b. 

money, j. d. b. 

moneyed, b. j. d. c. 

morille, m. 

moresque, Fr. moress, b. 

moristc, b. morisco, b. 

mortar, j. 

murrice, b. morisco, b. 

mosque, j. d. wb. 

moschey, m.= 

motley, f. 

mussulman, b. j. m. 

mew, m.- 

muffler, b. j. 

mulattos, 

muletier, b. muletto, b. 

mullein, j. d, 

mumm, d. 

mommery, c. u. wb. 

monday, m.- 

mongrel, m.-d. 

murther, b. m. 

muscadely m, muscadin, wb. 

muscadine, m. 

musqueteer, b. m. musketier, 

muslcit, b. [buc. 

musquet, b. 

musketoe, wb. muskitto, c. 






i Bailey uses this form repeatedly, as of undoubted authority. 

3 All such words show the progress of the language towards sim- 
plicity. 

3 This word may have about fifty different forms. In Sparks's life 
of Ledyard, the plural occurs in three different forms. So little atten- 
tion do our best writers pay to consistency and uniformity. 



APPENDIX. 



305 



1 


musquitto,c. muschetto,B.fo\. 




muscheto, b. m. moscheto 




moschetto, b. m. s. u. w. 




mosquetto, py. musqueto 




musquito, Sparks, musquetoe 


musketoon, j. d. 


musquetoon, m, b. 


muslin, b. m. J. d. 


musselin, b. m. 


mussel, b.= a shellfish 


muscle, py. j. 


mustaches, m j. d. w. wb. 


mustachoes, wb. 


muster-role ? An, 


muster-roll, b. j. wb. 


Naker, b. Am. jr. 


nacre, b. nacker, b. 


nankeen, wb. 


nankin, p. 


nag, b. 


nagg, b. 


narwal, Godman, wb. 


narwhale, j. narewhale, j. 


nave, j. 


nef, J. 


neal, m'. j- 


anneal, j.- m,- 


nectarin, b. wb. 


nectarine, m. j. 


neck-cloth, wb. 


neck-cloath, j. 


negro, wb. 


neger, wb. niger, b. 


nedeful, b. 


needful, b, j. 


nep, b. j. m, wb. 


nip, b. = 


catnep, Biglow's Botany. 


catnip, wb. 12 mo 




catmint, j. b. wb. 




cafs-mint, m. 


parsnep,j.D.B.M.s,JS.Turton 


parsnip, b. m. w. f. wb. 


turnep, 1 B.D.A.Turton'sLin. 


turnip, b. d, j.w.Js.s.Br.F.wh 


b. folio, under naphew 


nepe, b. 


neeptide, b. 


neaptide, b. 


net, b. m. 


neat, j. nett, wb. 


nib j. b. 


nip, b. neb, j. b.- 


nibler ? 


nibbler, j. 


neece, b. 


neice,B. j. niece, b. m. 


nuel, b. m. j. 


newel, j.- 


ny, o. Thos. More. 


nigh, j. 


nich, wb. 


niche, j. nice, b. 


niter, wb. 


nitre, b. j. 


noisom, b. 


noisome, j. 


noisomness, b. 


noisomeness, j. 


nole, b, 


noul, b. j. noil, j.- b. 



i Njep, Saxon, is rapa, Lat. ; and turnep is, according to the deri- 
vation, more correct than turnip. 

aa2 



306 



APPENDIX, 



jobbernole ? 
nozzle, wb. 
nubble, 1 j. 
nurn, wb.- 
nusance, b, m. wb. 
nuraness, buc. wb. 
numscul? Ri25. 
numscull, j. ». 

nutgal? Rl 25. 
nutshel ? Rl 25. 
nuzzle, b. j. 
nursel, b. m . 



nowl, m. 

jobbernowl, b. j. py. 
nozle, j. p. nosle, b. p.- 
fcnubble, b— m. 
num&, j. c. 
nwsance, j. b. c. d. 
num&ness, j. d. 
num&scull 

numskull, j. w. c. py. wb, 
numbskull, numscul, k. 
nutgall, j. wb. 
nutshell, j. wb. 
tuistle, b. j, nousel, j. 
\nursle, j. noursle, b. 



a In the same way, k before n should be universally rejected, as in 
this word by Johnson. 



Oaf, b. 

oke, 1 &• 
ore, b. J. metal 
ore, m. to row with 
obay, b. 
obaisance, An. 
oblike, wb. 



auff, b. m. elf, b, m. 
ouphe, j. c. ouph, f. 
oak, j. 
oar, b. m. 
oar, j. 

obey, b. m- j. 
obeisance, m. j. 
oblique, b. m. j. 



oker, b.m.j. h. Rls. 23 & 24ocher, wb. ochre, b. j 



okerous? An. 



ochreous, j. ocherous, wb. 
ochrey, j. ochery, wb. 
ochraceous, Say. 
ochymy, ockamy, b. 
cac-ochymy, J.-J- 
oddly, wb. 
oddness, wb. 
offence, j. m. w. 



ochimy, 3 j. 
caoochimy 
odly, b. Rl 25. 
odness, b. 
offense, 4 wb. 

t This is the only word that remains to be corrected, of all that 
were formerly spelt o, a, k ; and this might yield to analogy, if oak 
was not too stiff to bend. 

a Od, odd; eg, egg; ad, add; eb, ebx, &c. should follow nag, nagg, 
jar, jarr; fu r, furr : mar, marr ; bun, bunn; bur, burr, &c. 

3 Ochimy and cac-ochymy ! Johnson and Walker. -h 

* Offensive, j. w. and offence, j. w. J- 



APPENDIX. 



307 



oil, J, 

oleander, J. 

olio, b. j. sue. wb. 



okum ? 

omber, b. m. 
ooze, j. x D > 



wb. 



sea-ooze, py. 
oozy, b. wb. 
opake, wb. 
opposit, wb. 12 mo 
deposit, wb. 4 to 
apposit, wb. 12 mo 
composit, wb. 12 mo 
reposit, wb. 12 mo 
exquisit, An. 
requisit, wb. 12 mo 
prerequisit, wb. 12 mo 
perquisit, wb. 12 mo 
ophthalmy, j. w. 

orage, 2 b. 



oi/l, j. m, o. 
oliander, wb. 
oglio, B. J. 

oakura,B.j.w.H. oakkam^.u, 
okham, b. oakam, b. h. 
ombre i b. j. 
oose, j. owze, b, 
ouse, d, j. owse, m. d wb. 
ouze, b. m. oaz, b, 
sea-oose, 1 j.-f- w.-+- 
ousy, b. oazy, b. m. 
\opaque, b. j.op«cow$,B,Lat. 
opposite, j. 
deposite, j. 
apposite, j. 
composite, w- 
reposite, w. 
exquisite, wb. 12 mo 
requisite, w. 
prerequisite, w, 
perquisite, w. 
ophthalmie, j. 
ophthalmia, b. 
orrage, c. erach, b. j. 
orrach,B. j. orach, h. b» 
arrach, b. arrack, j, 
or gallons, b. 
owison, j. 
or duel, m.= 
orchestre, b. c. w. 
orchestra, b. c. w. 
orpine, j. c. w. 
ostridge, b. h. ostrige, m. 
estrich, a. c. o. estridge, c. 
once,D.= onca, FV. 
osier, b. m. c. w, 
osprey, b. m. 
othergates, c. w, 
otherguess, c. 

i Ooze and sea-oose! Johnson and Walker. X 
a See note on Couhage. 



orgillous, b- j. c. 
orison, b. m. c. w. 
ordeal, m. b. c. w. 
orchester, wb. 



wb. 



orpin, b. m. 
ostrich, m. b. j, d. c. 

ounce, b. c. a beast 
ozier, b. m.- wb. 
ospray, j. c. w. 
otherguise, c. w. wb. 



308 



APPENDIX. 



OUCh, M. B, C. 

overaw ? aw, m, 

overfal, j. c. 

overhaul, m. c. 

overspred, Wakefield 

overvail, An. Ri 4. 

vail, j. 

unvail, j. w. 

oul? 

oulet ? Aoulet, m. j. 

oxid, p. Rls 6, 11. oxide, p 

oxigen, p. t Rl 6, 

oxidize, 1 p. 

oister, 2 b.-a. m. buc. h.- 

roister, m. j. 



owch, b. 

overawe, J. c. w. awe, *§. 

overfall, w. 

overhale, c. b. w. 

overspread ? j. 

overveil, j.x w. 

veil,= 

unveil, j.= w. 

owl, b. j- M. c. 

owlet, j. c. howlet, m. 

oxyd, wb. oxyde 

oxygen, c. oxygene 

oxydize 

oyster, j. 

r oyster, a. Irving 



i So also oxidate, oxygenation, oxidation, oxidable, «Spc. 
2 Like fioisterows, hoist, foist, joist, moist. 



Packet, j. c. b. 
painim, b. w. 
palankin, wb. o. 

palet, wb. 12 mo 
palish, m. c. 
palfry, b. wb. 12 mo 
palisade, j, b. c. 
palmetto, j. c. wb. 
palmister, b. m. A- c. 
palmistry, b. m. j. a.- c. 
palsy, b. m. j. c. 
palsied, b. j. c. 
paltry, b. j. 
pannel, b. 

pansy, m. b. j. c. w. 
tansy, m. d. 
pantaloons, m. 
pantoofle ? Rl 2^. 

paradisical, wb. 



paquel, m.- b. 
paynim, b. 
palanquin, b. m. j. c. 
palankeen 
paiette, j. c, Fr, 
paleish, b, 

palfrey, b. m. j. c. w. 
palisado, j. = c, 
palmeto, h. 

dmester, a. 
palmestry, A. 
palsey, o. 
palseyed, o. 
paultry, b. 

panel, j. c. see empannel 
pancy, b. j. c. w. 
tanzy, d. 

pantaloon, m.j. w. c. 
pantoujle,M.Fr.pantoJfle,B,H 
pantofe, m. buc. c. w. 
paradisaicaly p. Henderson 
Iparadisiacal, j, c. w. 



APPENDIX. 



309 



parhelion, m. j. c. w. 

parly ? like merry Rl 6. 

parlinient, like merriment 

parsnep, see nep. m. j. buc.c 

parsly, b. 

partridge, m. 

partare ? English 

partizan, m. 

pashavv, wb. 

pashawlic, wb. 

patacoon, m. j. b.- c. w. 

paten, c- 

patteh, m. J, c. 

parole, j. w. 

patrole ? An. 

petrole ? An. 

pistole, 1 m. a coin 
panch, a. 
paver, c. wb. 
perch, b. m. j. c. 
peccary, wb, 
pedler, b. j. w. 
peep, j. 
peer, b. c- 
pelmel ? Rl 25. 



penniless, b. j. c. w. 
pennipost 
penniroial 
penniweight, 2 
pensil, 3 b. 



parelium, m .- buc. h. 

parhelium, m. buc. h. 

parley, b. j. w. 

parliament, c. w. 

parsnip, m. buc. w. 

parsley, b. j. c. 

partrige, b. 

parterre, b. j. Fr. 

partisan, m. b. j. c. 

bashaw, j. wb. 

pacha, p. 

pattacoon, m. b. 

patin, c. 

pattin, m, 

parol, c. 

patrol, j. w.patroul, b. 

petrol, c. wb. petrolium, w. 

petroleum, Lat. c. 

pistol, a small firelock 

paunch, c. 

pavier, b. j. m. c. paviour,o. 

pearch, m.- 

peccari, p. 

peddler, w.- pedlar, ». 

piep, m. b. 

pier, c. pear, c. 

pellmell, b. j. c. w. wb. 

pallmall, c. w. 

pail mail, w, 

pennyless, p. 

penny-post, b, 

penny-royal, b. j. 

penny-weight, J. 

pensile, j. c. w. 



i The e final is necessary, in these words, to preserve the true 
sound, and prevent pistole from becoming pistol. 

a Like merciful, merciless, hardihood, &c. If these are written 
together, they should have i; if separate, y, as above. 

3 All words ending in He pronounced short, might well spare the e, 
as steril, j. b. indocil, j. The omission of the e would prevent such 
contradictions as docile and in-docil! Johnson and Walker, -f- 



310 



APPENDIX. 



peony, b. m. j; c. w. 

peruke, b. bi\ 

persiraon, mx. sylva 

periscians, b, m. c. 

petrify, b. Br. 

petty, b. 

phiz, b. d, c. 

phenix, d. c. w, 

picaroon, j. d. c. w. 

pickax, b. 

pickeer, c. 

picturesk, wb. 

pigmy, b.- j. c. w. wb.Rl6 

pioneer, b. j. Br. c, w. 

peek, b. 

picket, b, m. d. c. 

pipperidge, d. wb. 

pistacb, d. 



pix, d. Br, c. wb. 
placard, d m. b. j. Br. c. 

placket, b. m. j. d. c. w. 
plad, m. 
plane, 2 b. 

plaster, m. d.- j. b, d c. 
plot, j- d. level 
platen, 3 b. m. j. d. b. c. wb 
pleasurable, j. see p. 230. 



piony, b. m.= c w. pmy 

perruke, b. m. 

persimmon, wb. 

periscii, b. c. 

petrefy,* 

petit, b. j. Fr. 

phyz, B. m. d, c. 

phoenix, b. 

pickaroon, b. pickeroon 

pickaxe, j. Br. c. w. 

picqueer, c. 

picturesque, d. wb. 

pygmy, b. wb. pygme, a. 

pionier, J.x B « 

pique, Fr. b. m. J. 

piquet, b. m. j. d. 

piperedge, b. m. 

piperidge, Br. 

pistacho, m. 

pistachio, Br. j. b. c. w. wb. 

pistachia, d. 

pistacchi, Ital. pistache, Fr. 

pyx, d. Br. m, 

placart, d. b. j. Br. c. 

placaert, b 

plaquet, Fr. c. 

plaid, j. c. 

plain, b. 

pla'me, old form 

plaister, b d. 

plat, j. c, 

plattin, p. platine, b. m. 

pleasureable, b. 



i See p. 98 and 99. 

Pcripnumony, plurisy, pnumatics, and rumatism may drop the use- 
less e by Rule 24. 

2 --These two forms are derived from the old form by omitting the i 
in one, and the e in the other. The case is similar with a very large 
number of words. 

3 The Printer's Grammar, published in New-York, by C. S. Van- 
WinUle, in 1818, has this word five times on page IftO, spelt pla"' 
and five times on the opposit page, spelt platen ! 




APPENDIX. 



311 



pleget, b. m. 

plethory, d. c. 

pliers, j. Br. d.- c. 

plow, 1 B.Br.D. wb. plou? Sax. 

unplowed, 2 j. 

plum, sr.-o. b. j. a fruit 

plummer, d. b. c. 

plummet, d. j. c. wb. 

ply, d. sr. 

poinant, m. b. Rl 24. 

poinancy, m. poinantness, b. 

poize, 3 d. j. Br. c. see p,266 

pole ? the head 

pole evil, b. 

pole-ax, b. 

poltroon, sr, d. 

poltroonery 

pontif, m. 4 

porringer, d. j. Br. c. 

pontoon, 5 Br. 

porphvry, j. c. wb. 

portmantle, m. d. 

porcelane, m. 

porpus, d. Br. c. 
portray, b. j, d. c. wb, 
portcullis, j. d c. 



pledget, b. sr. d. 
plethora, d. c. 
plyers, b. c. 
plough, Br. D. J. 
unploughed 
plumb, b.= 
plumber, d. b. j. c. 
plumb, d. plumbet 
plie, o. 

poignant, b. j. c. 
poignancy, j. c. 



poise, d.= b. w. c. 

poll, b. j. / 

poltevil, d. j. 

pole-axe, c. 

poltron, m. j. d,= w. 

potronry, c. poltronery, m. 

pontiff, b. j. c. 

porrenger, m. 

ponton, b. m- j. Br.= w. 

porphyre, j. c. 

portmanteau, d. b. j. c. wb. 

porcelain, b. j. w. c. 

porcelan, b. 

porpoise,v.Br.j.c.porpes$,vtb 

pour tray, b. c. 

portcluse, j.d.c. portcullice ,M 



i The gh should be universally rejected, as an odious corruption, . 
but the u final would be better, as in thou ; because w final is often 
merely the mark of long o, as in know. PLOU is right, if practice 
would permit. 

2 Plough and unplowed ! Johnson and Walker, with their usual 
inconsistency ! , 

3 See counterpoize. 

4 Pontif/" and ponti/lcate, &c. contradict : altho the accent is on 
the/*, in the derivative, oney* of the primitive is rejected. This ab- 
surdity may be avoided by adopting the spelling of the excellent and 
judicious Martin, which is also in accordance with Rule 23. 

s In all words of this form, OON is preferable. See Letter 49. 

6 Porta, agate, and cludo, i. e. claudo, T shut, show the mean- 
ing of this word, and indicate the proper, tho not the common spell- 
ing. 



312 



APPENDIX. 



posy, B. M. D.J. c. 
postilion, b. 
pottage, j. d. 
potato, m. j. d. Br. c. 

pOultlS, B. M. D. 

pouch, b.- Rl 8. 

pouder, m.b. Rl 8. 

poze, j. c. 

prance, b. j. d. c. Rl 3. 

prairy, wb. 

pratic, b. wb. 

preferable, b. j. b. h. see p 

pretense, wb. p28 

preterit, J. wb. 

primmer, b. 

like glimmer, simmer, 

privilege, b. m. j. 

prize, b. d.j. m.- 



posey, m. 

postillion, b. si. j. Br. 

potage, m. d. 

potatoe, b. 

poultice, j. b. c. 

powch, B, 

powder, b.- j. poulder, c. 

pose, Br: c. wb. 

praunce, b. m. 

prairie, Fr, 

prattic, d. pratique, b. m. c. 

prattique, d. 



preferable, b. Ab.= h.= 
pretence, d. w. 
preterite, A. 
primer, 3 b. j. wb. 

priviledge, m. 

prise, b. d. m. 

apprize, d.b. apprise 

comprize ? An. comprise, d. b. 

reprize, b. reprise, d, b, 

surprize, b. surprise, d. b. 

enterprize, d. b enterprise, w. 

overprize, w, overprise, 

procede, An. proceede, b. i.proceede, o. 

procedure, b j. proceedure 

proceding ? An. proceeding, j.-j- 

precede 3 preceede 

preceding, p. preceeding 

i Primer, linen, polish, &c. show that in English, we are chiefly 
guided by accent, and not by quantity depending on single or double 
letters. 

2 Nothing is more evident than that all these words should follow 
the same analogy; and yet no Lexicogiapher has written «.hem all 
either with z or s. Z is to be preferred in all words, where the sound 
requires it; otherwise we lose the use of this letter in the very case 
for which it was designed, i. e. shard, ezzard, zed, or z. 

3 Ignorance has done all that it could do, to viciate our spelling, 
and produce contradictions without number and without reason. Wit- 
ness the words above, and the others of the same family ; but so glar- 
ing an error as proceed and precede, proceeniNG and proceovRE, one 
would have thought might have been seen and avoided ; and yet no 
Lexicographer has even appeared to know the fact. See cede. 



APPENDIX. 



313 



profane, m.- b. j. wb. Rl Xhproph 
profile, b. w\ wb. 



protracter, m. j. wb. Rl 18. 
puet, m. d. b. w. Rl 12. 
pumpkin, b. m. d. Br. 
pumkin, wb. bumkin, m. 
pummel, b. Br. wb. 
puny, b. j. wb. Rl 24. 
purblind, m. c. wb. 
puncheon, b. j. d. wb. 

purlue, A. lue? 

purvue ? vue ? Rls 12 & 24 

purslane, m. Rl 9. 

pur, c. 

pursevant, b. m. Rl 24. 

purify, wb. 

putrify, b. m. wb. 

pustle, B. M. 

py, Rl 7. 

seapy, Rl 7. 

pybald, m. a. 



ane, m, 
pourfil, B. M. 
purjile, B»purfil, A. 
protractor, b. m. 
pewet, m. j. d.- c. w. 
pompion, b. d. c. 
pumpion, j. d, sr. 
pommel, b. m. d. Br.- w,- c. 
puisne, b. j. wb. 
poreblind, c. wb. 
punchion, b. m. d. 
punchin, b. 



pourlieu, 1 c. 

purleu, b. purlieu, Fr.B.wb. 

purview, m. j. b. purvieu,M. 

pur slain, b. m. j. 

purr, d. j. 

pursuivant, b. wb. f. 

purefy 

putrefy, m. j, wb. 

pustule, wb. 

pye, m. w. pie, b. j. wb. 

seapzV, seapy e, wb. 

pzebald, j. w. c. wb. 

pyebaiid, c. 

P before s and t, at the beginning of words, might advantageously 
be rejected. Salm, tisan, and iisic, would be better than the pre- 
sent strange and foreign forms of these, and the other words of the same 
family. Indeed tisic and tisical stand fairly in Johnson, and are for 
every reason to be preferred. 

Gilchrist recommends the dropping of all superfluous letters. 

i These words ought to be anglicized. 



Quadril, wb. 
quadruped, j. wb. 
quarantin, wb. 



quaint, j. c. 
quarterage, b. 
quarry, c. 
quarto, b. 



quadrille, b. j. quadrill, wb. 
qnadrupede, b. m, 
quarantine, j. c. 
quarantain, j. c. 
quarantaine, b, 
queint, M, 
quarteridge, b. 
quar, c. quarre, c. 
quarta, b.= 
B B 



314 



APPENDIX. 



queme, b. j. c. 
query, j. c. 
quinsy, j. c. wb. 

quirk, j. b. c 
quota, j. 



queem, b. 

quoere, b. c. queer y, b. 

quinsey, b. m. 

squinancy, m. squincy, m. 

querk, m- b.- 

quoto, 0. 



REMARKS. 



In words of variable spelling, c or k is always to be preferred to 
qu, because either of them is simpler than the aukward double char- 
acter expressing a single sound. In orthography, simplicity and reg- 
ularity are of all things most desirable. Q is little used, and of that 
little a part is obsolescent. Its use should be discouraged in every 
case, in which it is not quite necessary. 



Kabbet, b, m. j. c. ajoint. 
rabbit, d. j. c. a hare 
radish, j. py. b. c. 
racoon, Ash 

ragoo, b. m. wb. 
rally, b. rale ? An. 
rallery, b. m. wb. ralery ? 
rampart, wb. 
ramparteer ? 
ranedeer, wb.- 

ransom, b. m. wb. 

rapter, c. 

rareripe, wb. 

rare, b.j. wb. slightly cooked 

rarify ? see p. 98 & 99. 

ratlins, d. 

rasberry, b. m. c. buc, 
raze, b. m, wb. see eraze 
razure, c. 
race, w. to run 



rabbet, b. m. for both 

raddish, wb. 

raccoon, wb. 

rackoon, m. b. w. c. 

ragout , j. wb. 

rail, b. railing, b. 

railery,B.wb raillery ,j .w .py 

rampert, b. rampire, b, 

ramperteer, b. 

raindeer, d. c. w. wb. 

remdeer, wb. 

ransoms, * j. w. 

raptor, c. 

rathripe, b. c. 

rear, b. w. c. rere, b. j. 

rarefy, w. rarejie, b. 

ratlines, b. rattlings, b. 

ratlings, b. 

raspberry ,j .c. raspis-berry u 

rase, c. wb. 

rasure, c. 



rase, b. 
rasor. m. 



b. BUC. 



ratoon, wb. 
recal, buc. 

i Ransome and transom! Johnson. 
2 Razor and razourable ! Johnson. X 



rattoon, b. w. 
recall, b. 



APPENDIX. 



315 



rere, b. hindmost 
reremouse, b. m. py. 

rereward, b. j. 
real, m. c. a coin 
reckless, j. wb. 
recompense, w. c. wb. 
reconnoiter, c. wb. 
rede, b. j. c. advice 
reddle, j. b, c. " a craon, ?, B. 
redout, wb.- 
reinstal, w. 
rely, b. wb. ly, m, 
relic, m. a. wb. 
renard, b. j. w. wb. 
rencounter, j. b. a. wb. 

rendavoo ? Rl 24. 

renegade, b. w. 

rennet, m.- b. w- wb. 
repete, buc- compete, wb. 
replier? An. denier 
reptil, Lat. reptile's 
republic, m. 
resin, 1 buc- j.- c,~ 
respit, b,- m. wb. 
retale, detale, 2 

• These two words have assumed a slight shade of difference in 
common practice. Rosin from the Pine, and resin from trees in 
general. 

2 This word is not introduced here as one in use, but as one that 
ought to be so. Tale, signifying a numeral account, reckoning, or 
number reckoned, is a Saxon noun from the verb telan, to count. 
Hence to retale is to recount or reckon over again, as small dealers do 
with those articles which they purchase by tale and not by weight. To 
retail, (retailler, Fr.) means in English literally, to renew or replace 
1 that which terminates the animal behind !' Detail is under the same 
predicament. Detale [de and tale, from tellan to tell, Sax.] would 
be better. 

N. B. This is plausible, but not correct. TAIL is from French Tail- 
ler, to cut. To retail is to sell by cutting, and a tailor is a cutter of 
slothes. Ed. 



rear, b. 

rearmouse, j. w. c. 
reermouse, j. p. 
rearward, j. c. 
rial, b. m. ryal, m. 
reckless, b. retchless, b. 
recompence,,B. 
reconnoitre, b. 
read, b. j. c- 
ruddle, b. 
redoubt, b. 
reinstall, wb. 
relie, o. lie, lye, o. 
relique, m. b, 

m'nard, b. buc. reynard, o. 
rencontre, b. Fr. 
rencountre, A. 
rendezvous, wb. buc. Fr. 
rendevous, b. buc. a. m. 
renegado, b. w. 
runagate, w. wb. 
runnet, b.- m. w.- wb. 
repeat, buc. 
replyer, w. c. wb. 
reptile, j, b. 
republique, m.= 
rosin, buc. j. c. 
respite, m. b. w. 
retail, b. j. detail 



316 



APPENDIX. 



reve, b. f. w. 
bereft, reft, reve, b. to be- 
revelry, j. w. wb. [reave 
restive, d.- b. buc. wb. 

revery, d. j. w. wb. 

reversable, b. h bug. 
conversable, j. d. c. f. b. py 
irreversable, 2 see p. 232. 

revocable, b. 

rapsody, 3 b. m, buc. [worth 
rime, B.-M.wb. Turner, Bos- 
ribboDjB.M.Buc. py.D. w. wb. 
see p. 48. 



riggle,* b. j. w. wb. 
rinse, m. j. 
risk, 5 j. w, Br. d. 
ro, like go, to, no, so 



reeve, j. f.- 

reave, j. 

revelrie y Fr. 

restiff, 1 c- w. wb, 

resty, B.w.Buc.wb. raisty, b. 

reverie, d. Fr. 

resvery, m. buc. Br. py. 

reversible, d. j. c. f. py. w. 

reverseable, m.-J- 

in*eversible, m._i_ b.-+- j.x 

D.X c.+ H. X f.X py .-J-BU. X 
revokeable, wb. 
rhapsody, b. 

rhime, b.m.buc. rhyme, b.j, 
riband, py.D. j. a. w. wb. 
ribband, b. m. buc. 
ribon, p. ruban, Fr. 
ribban, A. d, 
wriggle, j. w.- 
rince, Fr. 

risque,B.D. sea risque,J.X w. 
roe, w. 



, Restiff and restifness ! Walker, i- 

2 This is a fair sample of the negligence of our Lexicographers, 
who all spell conversable right, and irreversable wrong, and contradict 
each other on the word reversable. 

3 Rh from the Greek p, could very well spare h, in every instance, 
as in rapsody. Rime is from the Saxon, and never had h. Ignorance 
confounded this word with the Greek pv&nos, rythmus, but rime and 
rhythm, are different things. That very excellent work, the History 
of the Anglo Saxons, by Sharon Turner, gives R, I, M, E, and is fol- 
lowed by Bosworth's Saxon Grammar, which is also a work of the 
very highest character. Reioric, rumatism, rubarb, rinoccros, &c. 
would soon become familiar, and appear better than the present forms. 

a All words beginning with tor, might well follow the leading of 
this, and reject the w, as worse than useless, and a relic of barbarism. 
The early riters of the English language, as Chaucer, rote these 
words without W. 



s Riak and sea-risque ! Johnson and Walker.-f- 



APPENDIX. 



317 



robin, py, w. 
rore, o. see p. 137. 
ROLE, h. b. foiio 
roler, An. 
rocklo, 1 English 



rost, 2 B. BUC. 

rout, w. b. d. for both 

rou, b. A. like thou Rl 

rouze, b. Rl 15. 

roial ? 

roialist ? 3 

ruful, w.- ru ? An. 4 

rumb, b.- buc. 

rummage, c- 

runlet, b. wb. 

runion ? An. 

runt, j. 

rhyncops, 5 l. table 
rincops ? 



robbin, py.-f- 

roar, w. roor. b. roore, o. 

roll, J. roulf b. 

roller, b. j. router 

roquelo, d. 

roquelaure, d. Fv. 

roquelaur, wb. 

roast, b.- buc. 

route, A. & w. distinguish 

row, c. 

rowze, m. rouse, m. w. Rl 8. 

royal, j. 

royalist, &c, 

rueful, j. w. wb. rue, j. w. 

rhumb, b. buc. rhomb, b. 

rumogp, c. 

rundlet, b. c. d. wb. 

?'oundlet, b. 

rumiion, b, d. c. 

ronion, j. b. Ab. c- 

ront, j, 

rynchops, l. turton, d. wb. 

rhynchops, cuvier 



i If this word is used, it should be translated, but the cloke is out 
of fashion, and if the word was not in our spelling books, it might be 
dropped entirely. It is no part of our language. 

2 Like post, most, host, gost. 

3, There is no good reason why the antiquated y should be retained 
in these words. We might as well write rejoyce, invoyce, as loyal and 
royal. The y is no longer used in the French original. See note, Vi. 
209. 

4 The only reason why we do not write AW, OW, EW, AX, AY, 
EY, RU, R.O, RY, LY, and many others, insted of owe, ewe, eye, rue, 
roe, &c. is that the words thus written, would look too short ! AW, 
AX, AY, WO, and others are found in good authors, and indeed be- 
gin to be common. Success to the whole, and a rapid progress in the 
high road of simplification ! 

5 Rhyncops. Linne printed this word right in his table, and wrong 
in his description; and the misprinted form is copied by Dr. Turton, 
Webster and others, piv Konro>, razor bill is the etymon; and besides the 
misprinted form leads to a false pronunciation of the second syllable, 
like chaps. A better spelling would be RINCOPS, omitting the h alto- 
gether, which Cuvier repeats. See Cutwater in Webster's 4to Dic- 
tionary, i 

bb2 



318 



APPENDIX. 



ry i 

ry-grass ? 



j rye, J. m. rie, j. 
(rye-grass 



i Y is the proper terminating letter insted of IE or YE, I, OE or EY. 
Rls 7 and 11. 



sachel, 1 j. wb. 
sadler ? An. pedler, w. 
saffron, b. j, wb. 

sailer, j.= wb. Rl 18. 
sanfoin, p. 



, j.- h. wb. 



salic, wb. 
saphire, m. 
silic, Eng. 
salep, c- wb. 
salsify, j. d. 
saltpeter, wb. 
sassafras, wb. 

sampler, w. wb. 
see example 
sandarac, wb. 

santer, b.- 
sarse, b- m. j. 
sarsenet, b. m. . 
satire, j. buc. 
satirical, j. 
satirize, .t. 
satirist, j. 
satin, b. m. j. 
savanna, j. py. b. wb. 
s a vans, 2 p. 



satchet, b. j. m. wb. 
saddler, b, wb. see babler 
s off urn. o. safforn, b. fol. 
zaffren, b. zafren, b. 
sailor, b. wb. 
sainfoin , m. j. wb. 
saintfoin, b, sainfain, s. wb. 
sallad, b. m. sallet, o. 
sallet, b. m. d. j, h. 
salique, Fr. 
sapphire-, j. 
silique, Fr. 
saloop, c- wb. 
salsifre, b. 
saltpetre, j. 
saxafras, b. m. buc. 
saxiffaSjM .buc. saxifrage^ 
samplar 
exemplar 

sandaric. buc. sandarack, h. 
sandarak, d. j. sandarach y v> 
wi filter, j, m. 

saree, m. scrse, b. searse, b. 
sarcenet, m. j. 
satyr, b.- buc. 
satyricaly b. 

satyrize, m. satyrise, b. 
satyrist, b. 

sattin, b. buc. satten, b. m. 
savanna//, p, savana, m. b. 
sfravans, b. 



i T before ch is a Norman corruption which deserves to be puri- 
fied, as In attach, techy, rich, stfeh. 

3 Bailey's fulio givc^ s<,avans as we now use it. I have not found 
it in othcrdictiouaiioft. 



APPENDIX. 



319 



sausage, m. b. 

savior, wb. 

savor, wb. wb. see p, 250, 

sawyer, 1 wb. 

scalade, wb. 

scallop, j. c. py. see escalop 

scate, j. b. 

scepter, m. b. 

skeleton, m. 

skeptic, j.- m. 

skedule r 

skeme ? 

skirrous, wb. 

skirrosity ? 
scissors, 2 py. 



saucidge, b. m. 
saviour, m. b. 
savour, m. b. 



sconce, py. b. j. wb. Rl 13. 
scot, wb. to stop a wheel 

scoul, b. M. BUC 

scouling, b. 

scour, b. m. 

scranch, b 

rather cranch 

scraul, buc. 

scrauler, An. 

scream, m. b. Rl 13. 

screen, b. m. j.= Rl 13. 



scrofula, b. 
scrofulous, 



j. py. 

PV- M. 



sawer, j, 

scalado, b. escalade 
scollop, c. b. py. 
skate, j. 
sceptre, j. 

seeleton, m. b. sceletus. fi.- 

sceptic, m.- j. 

schedule 

scheme 

schirrus, b py. sc2VrAows,c.B 

schirrous,?y. schirrhus, buc. 

sc h i r r g s i ty .py .- scirrosity, py 

scissars, j, c. scissor, j- c. 

sizers. J. c. 

cissor, e. risers, b, 

cizar, c. cisars, b. 

skonce, j. 

skatch, j.m,buc. skotch, buc 

scoat, py. scotch, py. 

scowl, b. m. buc. 

scowling 

scowr, B. M. 

scraunchy o. 

craunch, o. 

sarnvl,B^uj buc. scralLs. m. 

scrawler 

skream, b. m. 

skreen, b. m. j. 
Rl 14. scrophula, b= [evil. 

wb. small scrophulous,\vh,\mdev kings- 



i Like lawyev and bowyer. 

2 The worst way is the most common in practice. Rules 20, 15 IB 
.require sizers, which Johnson gives. If it is said that this spelling 
will confound it with sizers, with i long, we may reply that the accent 
determines the meaning, which is always known to a speaker, and 
consequently may be to a reader. The letteis p,o,l,i.s,h aie never 
mistaken in a phrase or sentence. Thus we may say, 4 The polish of 
the r.izers is high. The Polish universities have no sizen. The sizms 
eut well. The sizers serve tables.' 



320 



APPENDIX. 



scrole, An. Rl 13. 
sculk, b. j, m. py. Rl 13. 
scull, 1 b. m. j- py. 
scullcap, wb. 
sculcap, Rl 25. 
scullery, b. m. py. wb. 
to scum, j.- scummer, m j. 
scurrilous, b. m. 
scarisk, py. e. 
sea-ooze, py. e. 
searcloth, m. 
secresy, m. buc. Rl 20. 
segar, English, p. 
senior, e. a. wb. 
seniorage, A. wb. 
seniory, e. A. wb- 
seize, 2 bj.c.buc. seizin,j,( 
seizure, b buc. seized 
selander, b. m. buc. 

sena, b. buc. 
seneca, A. Rl 13. 
sentinel, b. j. w.- 

sepulcher, wb. 12 mo. 
sepulker ? 
seralio? HI 24. 
sere, f.. dry 

sergeant, 3 w. serjant ? 
shab, 4 a. eb? ad ?- 
shaddoc 
sheathe, 5 m. a w. wb. 



scroll, B. M. PJ'. 

skulk , b. j.= py. 

skull, b. j.= m. py, 

skullcap, j.= py. 

skvlcap 

skullery_ 

to skim, j. skimmer, m. 

scurrillous,^. 

searisque, j. x py. risk, j.-{- 

sea-oose, j.x ooze, j.-k 

searcloath, j. 

secrecy, e. 

cigar, Spanish, wb.- 

seignior,M. 

seigniorage, m e. 

seigniory, m, e. signory,j e. 

sense, b seise,Buc. seisin, b.e. 

seisure, buc. seised, b. 

sellander, m, selliander, m. 

solander, m. sellender 

senna, b. e. A. senie. A. 

sene&a, wb. sm. senega, A. 

centinel, b. 

centry, b. j. sentry, b. j, 

sepulchre, b. 

seraglio, b. e. 
seer, c. 

serjeant, w. under quoif 
habb, m. ebb, p. add, p. 
shaddock, wb. 
sheath, w, wb. 



i Scull. In all dictionaries both ways, with the same definition-. 

2 Seize and seisable! Bailey folio. 

3 See no',e at p. 213, and Letter 44. 

4 Words of more than THREE letters, often drop the double finals. 
All these double letteis are useless, and nearly all that excede THREE 
LETTERS are corrected in general practice. 

5 The e is necessary to soften the sound of Ih, but I do not find un- 
sheathe in any dictionary except Ash. See wreathe. 






APPENDIX. 



321 



unsheathe, A. 
sherd, a. 
shamade, buc. 
shamoy, m, b buc. 

shanker, b. m. j. 
sheer, b. j. 
sheers, j. c. 
shark, m. a. 
sheet, m. a. a rope 
sheriffalty, m. 
show, J.- E.- 
shipwrack, m. 
shock, j- A. 
shore, b. m. e. buc. 
shole, Saxon, buc. 
shote, A- wb. 
shoveler,B.M.A.wb.see p 
shred, 1 m. j. e. a, 
shriek, 2 a, 
shrilness, Rl 25. 
shroud, b, j. e. A. 
shrude ? An. 
shuttlecork? 3 

sibilant, py. j. 
sibilation, py. b. j. 
sicamore, a. j. 

sillabub, b. m. c. 

simily Rl 24. 

simar, m. b. j.- f. c. e. 



225 



unsheath, j. w. a. m. wb: 

shard, j. m. sheard, b. j. 

chamade, buc- 

chamois, j. A. shamois, j. m. 

shammv, A. E. 

chancre, j 

shear, b. m. j. 

shears, b. j.x m. c. 

shirk, m. A, 

sheat, A. 

shrievalty, b. 

shew, j. e. 

shipwreck, A. e. 

shough, j. wb. 

shoar, m» 

shoal, j, 

sheat, b. a. shoot, m. saut,B. 

shoveller, j. m. 

shread, b. m. 

shrike, A. 

shrillness, e. 

shrowd, m. E. A. 

shrewd, m. 

shuttlecock,M.E. skittlecock, 

shittlecock, m. j. e. [j, 

sibillant, n. 

sibillation, n. 

sycamine, j. sycomore, b. 

sycamore, j. 

syllabub, j.sillibub,B. M.J.- 

sillibauk, b. 

simile, b. e. 

syrnar, p. samar, h. m. 

chimmar, b. m, cymar, b.f.c. 

chimere, c. simarr, m. [j.w. 



J All words in ea sounded short, should be corrected like shred, 
ded, red, led, tred. Nothing but courage is wanted, for old books are 
abundant authority, for this correct spelling. 

2 Shreke would be preferable. 

3 Shuttlecock. Under this word Ash spells battledore with the final 
t, as suggested at page 245. 



322 



APPENDIX. 



simnel, j. euc. wb. 
simonical, buc. wb. 
siphon, b. m. j. wb. 
sirloin, A. j. w. 
sirname, m. b. buc. i. e. 
sire name, m. 
siren, b. j, a. wb. 
sirius, b. j. a. wb. 
sirup, b- j, wb. 
sithe, 1 b. m. j. buc. a.- 
site, m. j. 
skain, b. m. wb. scane ? 

skue, m. j. a. py. wb. 
skilful, m. py. wb. 
skillet, m. py. wb. 
skirfk, b. m. 

skir, b. A. 

slant, b. j. 

slat, A. wb. 

Slavonian, wb. 

slay, m. j. buc. in weaving 

slazy ? 

sled, b. j. 2 
sley, wb. 
slick, b. a. 
sliness, 3 b. j. 
slobber, m. j. wb. 
sluce, b- m. wb. 
smallage, b. m. j. 
smalness, j. 



cimar, c. buc. samarr, m. 
simare, b. e. 
cimnel 

simoniacal, A. j. 
syphon, j. wb. 
surloin, p. n. 
surname, j. A. m. 

syren, a. 
syrius 

syrup, b.- A, strop, j. a. 
sythe, m. buc. scythe, b. m. 
scite n. 

skein, b. m. j. wb. 
skegn, b. skaine, b. 
~ew, m. A. py. wb. 
skillfull, o. 
skellet, m. buc- 
scincus, Lat. 
skinc, scink, seine 
skirre, j. A. skirr, A. wb. 
slaunt, o. 
sloat, B. j. A. 
sclavonian, p. 

stey,B.j.A.wb, slaie, B.j.wb. 
sleave, j. wb. 

sleazy, B.M.j.A.wb. sleezy,j. 
sleasy, A. silesia 
sledge, b. 
sleigh, p. 
sleek, j. A. 
slyness, f. 

slabber, m. j. slaver, m. j.- 
sluice, j. wb. 
smellage, wb. 
smallness, b. 



1 Johnson specially prefers sithe. 

2 In sledde, the original Belgic word, there is no g. 

* An error occurred in this word at page 274. Strike out the words 
" no author," and " except sliness." The addition of Fenning's au- 
thority, makes the correction necessary. 



APPENDIX. 



323 



smirk, b. j, wb. 

smirky 

smoke, b. m. j. a. 

suath, wb. a sithe handle 

sneeze, b.a.j. sneze? p.250. 

snub, m. h. j. 

so, 1 b. a pail or tub 

socage, m. wb. 

sole, M. BUC. 

soke, b.- m.- 

sope, B.- M.- j. BUC- 

soder, a.- j. Bible 

soil, b. j. 

soop, b,- m. wb. buc. Rl 24, 

soot, b. py. wb. 

sooty, py. wb. 

to soothe, py. 

sophomore, p. soph, py. j. 

sorel, m, py. a buck 

to souse, j. souze ? 

souse, j. the noun 

sour, m. j. 

sowl, Saxon 

soe, wb. sow, m. j. to stitch 

spacious, m. j. 

specter, wb. 

spermacety ? Rl 24. 

spigot, j. wb. like bigot 

spue, m. A. 

spinage, b. m. j. buc wb. 

spinel, j. wb.- spinell, p. 

spinnet, j. wb. 

spiritous, 2 j. wb. 

splint, m. j. 



smerk, b. m. j. wb. 

erky, j. 
smoak, A. o. 
snead, b. sneath, b, 
snese, A. c. sneese, j. 
neeze, a. neese, j. a. 

ib t j. sneb, j. sneap, j. 
soe, j. soa, b. sow, m. 
soccage, m. j. wb. 
soal, o. 
soak, j. 

soap, j.= see j's preface, 
sodder, b. m. buc. wb. 
solder,j.-B.M.Buc.wb. unsol- 
soyl, b, m. [der, m. 

soup, Fr. wb. 
sut, wb. 
sutty, wb. 
sooth, b, py. 
sophimore, wb. 12 mo 
sorrel, v. py. a plant 
sowce, j. 
souce, B. M. 
sowr, m. J. 
soul, p. 
sew, m.- j.- 
patious, m. 
spectre, j. h. 

spermaceti, parmacety, c, 
spiggot, M. H, BUC. 
spew, m.j. wb. 
spinach, j.= 
spinelle, p. espinel, wb. 
spinet, j, m. buc. 
spirituous, j. wb. 
splent, m. • 



i See note on hoe. 

2 To the euphony of spiriiueux, we seem to owe this word, which, 
after all has nothing to recommend it in preference to our English de- 
rivative tpiritvus. 



324 



APPENDIX. 



spirt, 1 m. J- wb. like squirt 

spunge, b. m, j.= buc. wb.- 

spunk, m. j.= a. wb. 

spred, Wakefield, o» 

sprite, J. wb. 

spite, m. j. 

despite, 2 m. wb. 

springhalt, j. 

sprout, wb- 

sprue, wb. 

spue, b. 

squobble, b. A. 

squall, m. j. A. 

squamous, j. 

squeel 

squil, m. 

stadle, j -see babler 

stale, j. a handle 

staid, m. j. sober 

staid, j. wb. participle 

stair, 4 j. 

stake, buc. wb. 

stanch, b. j. c, wb. 

unstanched, m. 

stationery, see p. 58. 

stedfast, b. m. j. buc. wb. 

stedfastness, w. r. j, wb. 

sted, j. wb. 

unstedfast, An. 

steddy, wb. Creech, p. 177. 

stelth, wb. 

step ? a plain 



spurt, m. j. wb,« 

sponge, j, a. wb. 

sponk, j- A. wb. 

spread, j. 

spright, m. j. wb. sprete, a- 

spight, j. spyte, j* o. 

despight, m. 

string halt, j . 

sprowt, o. 

sprew 

spew, b. w. 

squabble, m. 

squawl, m. j- A. squeal, wb. 

squameous , m. squamose, a. 

squeal, m. j. 

squill, j. 

staddle, j. 

stele, c. j. steale, b. 

stayed, m. j. 

stayed, 3 p. 

stayer, o. 

steak, b. buc j. 

staunch, o. c. j. 

unstaunched, j. 

stationary 

steadfast, j. wb. 

steadfastness, j. wb. 

stead, j. wb. 

unsteadfast, m.X j. 

steady, wb. 

stealth, wb. 

stepp, wb. steppe, p. 



' A small class of words vary between e, i, w, o, before r and an- 
other consonant, as spirt, spurt; whirl, whorl; smirk, smerk; quirk, 
querk ; sturk, stirk. I have preferred the i, which will unite tnoet of 
these words in one form. ^ 

2 Ight is obsolescent : He is better. 

3 These two words are the same. 

4 See note at page 34, No. 22. 



APPENDIX. 



325 



steril, 1 b. m. j. A. wb. 

stint, b, m.- j. wb. 

stigian, A. 

stile, b. m.-j.a. a passage 

stile, 2 b.- m.j. a. a manner 

steelyard, A, 

stilness, m. 

stiptic, m. stiptic&, j. 

stirk, A. 

stirup ? like sirup 

stote, b. m. py. 

stomp, wb. of the foot 

stony, wb. 

strait, m. c- wb.- j. 

straitway, m. wb. 

strap, j. wb. 

streke, m.j. wb. 

stroke, m. buc. j. 

strole, b. 

strow, j. wb. 

stupify, 3 j wb. 

subtract, b.- m.- j. 

subtraction, m.- 

subtil? An. 

subtil ly, wb. subtly, j. 
subtiliy, j. 
succedent, b.x 
succede ? 
succedaneous, j, 
suction, 4 j. wb. 

1 This word has not had the e final for a century, till some late au- 
thors attempted to revive it. It is better omitted, in all this class 
of words, and then the primes and derivator will agree, as fertil, 
fertility; steril, sterility; activ, activity; civil, civility. 

2 There is no need of a distinction in these words; but if any is ad- 
mitted, it should be style, steps into a field, from aroXos, a pillar, and 
stile, a pen, or manner of writing, Lat. stilus or stylus. Johnson does 
not distinguish these two forms, but prefers style, for the -steps into a 
field. 

3 Stupify and stupefaction ! Johnson. X 

4 K might be universally rejected, in compounds before a conso- 
nant, as here in suction from suck ; so sucling, tacling ; swcie, lade. 

C C 



sterile, P. 

stent, m. p. 

stygian, b. a,- wb. 

style, m. 

style, j,- m.- 

stilliards, A. 

stillness, j. 

styptic, b. styptick 

sturk, m. j. 

stirrup, b. m. j. stirrop, a. 

stoat, b. m. j. py. wb. 

stamp, a print 

stbney, wb. 

straight,M.B.j.wb streight,u, 

straightway, j. 

strop, A. wb. 

streak, p. j. 

stroak, b. m. buc a. 

strowl, j. stroll, m. j. 

strew, m, j. straw, j, wb. 

stupefy, wb. 

substract, m. w.- j.- wb- 

substraction, m. j. prefers 

subtile, b.= m. j. wb. 

subtle, b. m. j. 

subtilely, j. wb. 

subtlety 

succeedent, An. 

succeed, b.x j. x succeede,o. 

suc&tion, suck 



326 



APPENDIX. 



suet, M. J. wb. 

sue, m. wb. 

sugary, w. 

sum, B. M. 

suiter, j. wb. 

sute, B. m. a. h. c. Rl 24. 

sutable, m. 

unsutable, m. 

sulfur ? Lat. Virg. 

sumac, wb. 

summer, wb. 

summerset, j. wb. 

superintendent, c. py. 

superviser, m. 

supreme, b. m. wb. 

surfit ? Eng. 

surfiter ? 

surcingle, m. c. py. 

surprize, b. m. j. wb, 

surtoot, b. m. Rl 24. 

surveyer, m. Rl 18. 

survue ? Rl 24. 

suspense, c. py. wb. 

sutler, b.j. py.wb. see babler 

swadling, m. see babler 

swob, wb. 

swobber, b. j. c. wb. 

swale, b. m. j. c- 

swath, py. c. wb. 

sward, py. wb. 

swomp, m. 

sweetbrier, py. wb. 

brier, j. wb. 

swosb, wb. 

swepe, b. m. well-pole 

swop, 2 b. m. j. a- py. wb. 

i This strange word is not a misprint, for J. quotes Spenser as his 
authority for doubling the g, and gives no other form. 

a After W, a often assumes the sound of o; and the instances above, 
show that spelling follows pronunciation, and tends to obviate anom- 
alies.. 



sewet, m. 

v, o. 

suggary I ' j. 1st abr. fbl.&qi . 
summ, b. m. 
suitor, m* J. wb. 
suit, J. M. 
suitable, m. 
unsuitable, j. 
sulphur, wb. Lat. 
sumack, b. sumach, j. 
summage, m. 
sommer, o. 

somerset summersaut.j. j.= 
superintendant, wb. 
supervisor, m. py. wb. 
supream, o. 
surfeit, m. py. Fr. 
surfeiter, py. wb. 
sur&engle, m. 
surprise, m. py. 
surtout, m. j. 
surveyor, m. wb. 
surview, j, 
suspence, b. 
suttler 

swaddling, c. py. 
swab, c. py. wb. 
swabber, b. m. j. c. py. 
sweai, b,= m.= j,= wb. 
swarth, b. swatch, py. c. 
swerd, b. m. gord, wb. 
swamp, j. m.= py. c. 
sweetbriar, j v x c. 
briar, wb. 
swash, j. py. c. 
swipe, m. sweep, wb. 
swap, b. m. j. c- py. wb. 



APPENDIX. 



327 



silph, b. Rl 6. 
silvan, c. py. Rl 6. 
syncopy ? Rl 24-. 
synonims? 
sinonims, 1 



>ylph, c.py. wb. 
sylvan, c. py. 
syncope, m. 
synonymes, c. Crabbe 
synonimes, j. preface 
synonyms, wb. Taylor 
synonima, f. 

synonymy,c,py. sy?wmym,c. 
synonymous,py,synonomous 

i Sinonim, sinonimous, sillable, sistem, &c. want nothing but au- 
thority to make them better than the present forms. It is hoped that 
the good sense of scholars will follow the leading of general practice, 
and substitute I for Y generally, in the middle of words. The simplest 
form will ultimately prevail. 



synoniniy 
synonimous,F,w. under hum 



Tabify, m. t. 
tabret, m. p. c. wb. 



tabard, m. py. c- 
tacmahac 

tabelion ? 
tach, m. py. d. wb, 
attach, w, detach, w. 
tafrail ? the aft rail 

taffety, b. m. wb. 

tailor, b. m. c. wb. 
talc, c. wb. 
talcose, p. 



talness, c. 
tamborin, wb. 



tan, m. wb. 
tomkin, b. m. 



tapistry, m, b. 



tabefy, b. py. 

taber,M. taboret,wb.taborine 
tabor,M.wb. taborin,wb, [f. 
tabour,M.py. tabourine,py.c. 
taberd, m. py, c. 
tacamahaca, b. 
tacamahac, m. wb. 
tabellion, m. f. 
tache,B.py.M.H-wb.fa<cA,B.py 
attatch, detatch n. 
tafferel, b. m, j. c, wb. 
taffarel, A. 
taffeta, py. c. wb. 
taffata, c, taffyte, f. 
taylor, wb. 
talck, wb. talk, c. 
talky, c. talcky, wb. 
tallness, b. wb. 
tambarine, B. m. h. d. 
tamborine, tambourine, c< 
tambourin, d. 
tann, m, 

tampkin, f. tamkin, c. wb. 
tampin, m. 

tompion,B.M.F tampion>M.F. 
tapestry, m. b. f, c. wb. 



328 



APPENDIX. 



tar, m, f. wb. 
tartar, m. b. wb. 
tarif, wb. 
tarpaulin, b. h. 



tarve, wb. 
tarsel, b. c, wb. 



tassel, b. m. c. p.- d. wb. 
tatler, d. u. p. Rl 25. 
tatterdemalion, c. 
tant ? An- like pant, chant 
taudry, b. m.- h. 
teaze, b. m. wb. 
teazing, e. 
teazel, m. 



techy, b. m. c. wb. 
ted, m. wb. 
tenant, b.- m. wb. 
tether, 2 b.- f. wb. 
terras, m. 



tint, f. wb. 

tenet, f. wb. 
tension, m. buc. h. wr. 
contension, m. 
in-attension 



tarr, m. 

tartre, m. Fr. 

tariff, m. f. wb. 

tarpawling, b. m. h. f. 

tarpauling, m. 

tave, wb. 

tassel, b. m. c- d. tercel, cs 

tiercel, b. m. d. 

toss el, Br. f. 

tattler, h. 

tatterdemallion, m. wb. 

taunt, b. m. wb. 

tawdry, b. m, f- c - wd * 

tease, b. m. e.x wb. 

teasing 

teasel, m. c. wb. 

tassel, b. d. c. 

teasil, b. tazel, c. 

tetchy, f. touchy, f, 

tede, m. 

tenent, b- m. 

tedder, b. f.- wb.- 

tarrace, d. m. 

terrace, b. m. h. c. wb. 

tarras, b.d.h. terrass, b.m.h, 

tarrass, m. 

teint, b. m. wb. teinte, Fr. 

tinct, Br. f. taint, c. 3 

tenent, m. 

tention 

contention, m. buc. c. wr, 

in-attention, h. wr. c- 



i In all variable words of this form, z or s, the z is preferred by 
Rule 15. Most of those dictionaries which insert s in the stock, show 
2 under other words. See note at page 27, for a small sample of these 
very common inconsistencies. 

a This is like burden, burthen ; murder, murther, and the vulgar 
furder, further; the Saxon Thorn comes into English with th or d. 

3 Here again, as in many other cases, leaving out the variable let- 
ters of three different forms, makes the word write according to gen- 
eral rules. 



APPENDIX. 



329 



distension, c, 

co-extension, m. buc. H.c.Br 

retension ? An. 

intension, m. buc. h. c. 

detension, m. 

sustension ? 

pretension, c. m. buc. h. wr 

portension, c. wr. 

abstension, An. 

obtension, wr. 

tenon, f. c. wb. 

tendril, c. 

lerce, m. f. c. 

terrier, b. f. c. wb. 

terrify,' b. m. c. wb. 

tesselated, b. f. 

theater, b. m. wb. 

theocrasy, m. Rl 20. 

thil, b. Rl 23. 

tliime, f. 

tho, m. wb. Rl 23. 

thole, c. wb. 

thraldom, b.m.d j. Br.c.Rl 25 

thrash, m. f.- c. wb. Rl 24. 

tli red, wb. Rl 23. 

thret, wb. Rl 23. 

th roster, m. 

throte ? An. Saxon 

throttle, m. f. 

thru ? 

thrum 

thum, wb. 

ticken, f. wb. so slocken 

tiger, m. c- wb. 

ty ? An. 

unty, c. j. 

tiny, f. c- 

tire, c- 

tere ? An. 

tidbit, c. 



distention, m. buc. c. wr. 

extention 

retention, m, h. c. wr. wb. 

intention, m. wr. 

detention, m. buc. h. c. wr. 

sustentation, p. 

pretention 

portention 

abstention, wr. c. 

obtention 

tennon, wb. 

tendrel, m. 

tierce, m. j. f. c. teirs, m. 

tarrier, b. f. c. 

ierrefy, b. 

tessellated, j. 

theatre, b. m. 

theocracy , m. 

thill, m. 

thyme, f - 

though, m. wb. 

thowl, b m. c. 

thralldom 

thresh, b m. f. c. 

thread, m. f. 

threat, m. f. 

throwster, m. f. c. wb. 

throat, m. 

throatle 

through, m. 

thrumb 

thumb, m. c wb. 

licking, f. wb. stocking 

tyger, c. 

tye, m. tie, m. wb. 

untie, j. ass 

tyny, f. c. 

tyre, c. 

tire, wb. tier, c. wb. 

titbit, c wb. 



, See page 98, No. 83. 



cc2 



330 



APPENDIX. 



til ? An. 

until, m. j. 

tinsel, j. c. 

tipler, wb. 

tisic, m. j." 

tisical, j. c. 

tithe, p. c- 

titilate, py. 

titilation, py, 

tobacco, b. m. c. wb. 

tole, b. f. wb. 

toilet, b. m. 

tost, m.- like post, host 

rost, b. most, gost 
tun, B. m.- p. c. 

tunnage, b. Br. m.- -f. 

tung, wb. Saxon 

torrify, b. m. j, 

torrifaction, An. 

torsion, B.j.M.c.wb. Rl 19, 

contorsion, b. m. wb. 

distorsion, b. m. wb. 

extorsion, m. 

detorsion, b. wb. 

intorsion, wb. 

turmalin, wb. 

turny ? 

turniment ? 

turnament, b. m. j. 

turniquet ? 

turnsole, b. wb. 

toor, wb- 

touze, b. m. Rl 

toward, p. m. 

towr, b. m. to fly high 

tragacanth, b. m. c. 



till, m. j.x 

untill 

tinsil, m. tincel, m. 

tippler, m. c. 

pftthisickjB. Greek. tisic£,j . c 

tissick, b. 

tythe, p. c. 

titillate, c. wb. 

titillation, m. c. wb. 

tabacco, b. m. 

toll, b. m. wb. 

toy let, b. M. 

toast, m. j. 

roast, j. 

ton, B. m. P. 

tonnage, b. m, p. 

tongue, b. Norman 

torrefy, wb. 

torrefaction, m.x b -f- 

tortion, j. 

contortion, wb, 

distortion, j, b. m. 

extortion, b. m. wb. 

detortion 

intortion 

tourmaline, p. 

turney. b. j. 

tournay, j. 

frwrnament, m. j. wb. 

tourniquet, m. c. b. 

tornisoly m. turnsol, c. 

tour, b, m. Fr. 

touzle, b, touse, bj.c. tows? 

towze, m. towz, B. 

towards, p. wb. 

tower, p. c. tour ? 

adragacanth, p. 

gum dragon, p. 



i Webster spells torsion and all its compounds with s except extor- 
tion. Why should that be excepted I Martin spells it with S. and T, 







APPENDIX. JJ1 


traffic, m. 






traffick, c. wb. 


traffiking ? 






trafficking 


traffiker ? 






trafficker, wb. 


trapes, b. m. j. c 


. wb. 




traipse, j. A. wb. 


tranquility, wr, 


D. 




tranquillity, m. b. wb. 


transom, b. m. 






transome 


ransom, b. m. 






ransome, j. 


handsom ? An. 






handsome 


transe, j, c. a. v 


tb. 




trance, c- 


tranquilize, Rl 23. 




tranquillize, m. c. 


traitor, m.- f. 






tray tor, m. 


tramel, b. f. 






trammel, m. f. 


travel, b. 






travail, c. 


tra vested, m. 






travestie, p. 


treble, m. j. 






frebble, m. 


trecherous, wb. 






treacherous, b. c. 


tred, wb.- 






tread, b. 


tredle, m. 






treadle, m. b.j. treddle,B.wb. 


tressel, m. c. 






trestle, m. j. c. 


trespas ? Rl 23. 






trespass, b. m. 


trespaser 






trespasser, b. 


tret, f. 






trett 


true, 2 b. truly, j 


.X 




trew, b. bluely, j.x 


triplet, f. 






triblet, b. tribblet 


trial, f. 






tryal, f. 


triers, m. 






triours, b. 


trivet, b. m. j. f 


. c. 




trevet, b. m. j. c- f.- 


tripoly, b, m. j. 


c. Rls 7&24 


tripoli, p. 


Irole ? An. Rl 






troll, B. M, c. 

troul, b. c- f. trowl, b. c. 


truble ? Rl 24. 






trouble, trubble, wb. 12 mo 


trophy, m. j. 






trophe, Gr. 


strophy, see p. 


237. 




strophe, Gr. 


trousers, c- 






trowsers, c trouse, c. 



\ Tranquility. We have more than six hundred words of this form 
and analogy, of which tranquility is the only one that doubles ihe 
consonant, except after o and u, as jollity, nullity. Wr. corrects the II. 

2 The compounds of true and blue should drop the final e, as truly. 
blu\y ; frwness, bluness; frwism, ^rwborn, trubred ; or he separately 
written, as true hearted. The proper form will be ascertained by d«- 
tarmining whether the compound is one word or two words. 



332 



APPENDIX. 



truncheon, p. 



trunchon, 1 
trunnel, b. f. c. wb. 



tumbrel, b m. j. p. 
turaify 
turbot, J. c. 
turban, b. j. p. c. 
turcois, J. c. b. 

turky, b. wb. turkies, An. 

tunny, c, a. wb. 

tunnel, j. w. 

tunnel er, A. see p. 225. 

turmeric, b. m. j. c. 

tuz, b. wb. c. 

tweak, f. c. 

tusks, 2 M. J. 
twibil, c, Kl 25. 
unchaste, f. 
chaste, m. 
unbonneted, py. 
undersel, Rl 25. 
unlicensed, j. 20, 



trunchion 

trannel,c.j. py.A. trennel,c.A 

trenel, b. m. treenel, b. m. a. 

treenail, py. a. wb. 

tumbril, wb. 

tumefy, c. 

turbut^ m. b. 

turband,j.F. turbant } B. m.j. p. 

urcoise, m, 

turquoise, j, c. b. turkois,c- 
turkey, m. j. turkeys 
thunny, tunney, b. 
funnel, j. w. 
tunneller, b. m. 
tumeric, p. 
tuzz, wb. 

tvveag, p. c, ticeake, f. 
tweague, f. c. 
tushes, m. 
twibill 
unchast, m. 
chast, o. 
unbonnetted, j. 
undersell, j. 

nlicenced 



i Words ending in cheon, or chion, are variable. To omit bofh e 
and i, would be better, as trunchon, fatchon, lunchon, nunchon, pun- 
ckon So o\so fashox, wb. and cushos. Geon, or gion, also variable, 
would, as before remarked, be better by substituting^;' for ge or gi. 
thus dunjon, i. e donjon, relijon, haberjon, pijon, widjon, surjon. So 
also serjaut, pajaut, curajos, outiajos, &c. This would eminently 
combine utility, and correctness, As they are, EON is preferred to 
ION, as puncheon, habergeon, are better than punchion, habergion. 

2 In Saxon fisc is fish. The proper name is Fisk, or Fish, and from 
this analogy comes the double form of the word, tusks, tushes- The 
latter is common among unlearned people, who generally have better 
reason on their side than ignorant hypercrtics are willing to allow. 
Indeed no word can become very common without some reason, which 
critics will respect, exactly in proportion to the soundness of their 
learning, and the extent of their researches. 

3 Chaste, ba«te, waste. Final e lengthens the sound after two con- 
sonants, as in luthe, clothe, strange, change. 



APPENDIX. 



333 



license, j. 
unparalleled, j. 
unparaleled P 1 
unshakle, 2 j. 
shade ? 



licence, J.+ w. 
unparallelled, j. in ref. 
unparalelled 
unshackle, M. 
shackle, J. 



i From Gr. napa aWrjXwv by each other. Altho there are two XA 
in the Greek, yet as one only is sounded, it would be well to choose 
this simplest form. 

2 This might be supposed to be a misprint, if the order of the Al- 
phabet did not show the author's intention. Every useless letter dropt 
is so much gain, but if this word and its cognates are to be altered, 
they should drop the k and retain the c, as, shackle like made. 



Vacilate ? 
vail, j. py. 
unvail, m. 
vally ? Rl 7. 
vallies, p, RI 7. 
vane ? Lett, vanus 
vain ? hat. vena, 
vane, b. f. hat. vannus. 
vagary, p. 
valance, f. 

balance, j. 

valt ? like halt, salt, 

vat, b. 

veneer, f. m. 

vant, \vb. 
velom, d. 

vassalage, py. 
vender, m. j. 
venomous, j. f. m. 
venue, b.- m. Rl 24. 
vergaloo 
vermin, b. m,- wb. 



vacillate, b. j, 

veil, j.= 

unveil, py. 

valley, b. j, 

valleys 

vain, j. 

vein, p. 

fane, b. 

fegary, b. m.jigary, m. 

vallance valence, b. m. 

vallens, m. 

ballance, b. 

vault, m, 

fat, b. 

fenier, m. 

vaneer, m. 

vaunt, b. j. m. 

vellum,, m. j. vellam, m< 



vassallage, j. 

vendor, b. m, 

venemous, j,= 

venew, b. 

vegoloo, wb. vergaloue, p. 

vermine, m. j. 



i Most of the dictionaries give vail, veil, unveil. Martin is correct 
and consistent in giving vat7and vnvail only. 



334 



APPENDIX. 



verjuce, wb. 

juce, j. wb. juse, wb.- 

vermil, wr. 

vermilion, b. j. wb. m. 

verrel, f. m. see ferrel 

verteber, wb. 

vervain, j. 

vervane ? Lat. verbena 

vial, j. wb. f. 

vicount,M. 

victual 

viciate, b.- 

vicious, m. c. 

viciously, c. 

viciousness, c. 

vigilance, j. 

vignet, wb. 

villan ? An. villan-us, Lat. 

villany, j. b. 

villanage, b. j. 

villanous, j. c. 

villanously, c. 

villanousness, c. 

villanize, j. c, 

vinyard, wb. 

violater, m. 

vue ?' An. 

revue ? 

vuing ? An. 

virtuoso, b. m. 

virtue, b. m. 

visiter, m. wb. 

vizard, m.- 

vizier, b. m. 

vulcan, wb. f. m. 

vulcanic, wb. Rl 24. 

vulcano, j. b.- m. c. 

volly ?2 An. Rl 7. 



verjuice, j. m. 
juice, wb. jus,La£, 
vermeil, Fr, 
vermillion, j. f. 
verril, m. verrolyF. 
vertebra, Lat. 
vervine, j.= 
vervan, wb. 
phial, j.= b. m. 
viscount, m. 
vittle, wb. 
vitiate, b. 

itious, wb. c. m. 

iiiously, c. 
viceousness, c. 

igilence, j.= 
vignette, c. vinnet, m. 
villain, j. 
villainy, c, 
villenage, b. m. 
villainous, b. c. 
villainously, b. 
villainousness, b. 
villainize 
vineyard, b. j. f, 
violator, m. 
view, j. b. 
review, b. j. 
viewing, b. j. 
vertuoso, b. m. 
vertue, B. m. 
visitor, m. wb.- 
visard, visor, f. 
viziar, j. visier, b. m. 
volcan 

volcanic } wb. 
volcano, j.<= 
volley, m. J.+ wb. 



t Vue is exactly the original French, and the most regular English 
of this word; and we have thus a double reason for reforming the spel- 
ling which now stands on a level with niew for new. 

9 Volley and vollied ! Johnson and Walker. , - 



APPENDIX. 



335 



vollied, j. c. 
vulpine,' j. b. 
vy ? An. Rl 7. 
wafer, wb. 
wagon, j. w. d.- c. 
wagoner, j. c. Rl 23. 



waiwardly, b. 
waiwardness, b. 
waiward, m. b. Rl 6. 
walnut, b. m. p, c. Rl 25. 
walflower ? 
w hale, wb. wale, c. to mark 
[or stripe. 
werk, 2 b. m. 
warloc ? 
wassel, b. m. buc, 

wasselers, b. m. buc. 



volleyed, j. in ref. 

vidpin, m. 

vye, b. m.- vie, m. j. 

wafle, wb. 

waggon, b. m. d. f. c. 

wagonrcer, j.! w. see p.228, 

waggoner, b. m. f. 

waywardly, j. 

waywardness, j. 

wayward, m. 

wallnut 



wallflower, b. j. 



m. c. 



weal, c. welk, c. 
wheal, b. c. whelk, b. c. wb. 
icarch, b. work, wark, b.m.c. 
warlock, j. d. warluck, d. 
vvastel, b. m. wassal, 
wassail, b. j. wb. 
wassellers, b, 
wassailer, py. wb, 



t So also canine, cervine, feline, cedrine, equine, anatine, assinine, 
anserine, supine, leonine, leporine, vaccine, vituline. bovine, agnine, 
columbine, passerine, ovine, serpentine. All adjectives of this kind, 
describing animals, of various genera, are long, and should retain the 
e final, 

2 Werk or wwrk is the correct spelling of this vrord. Fenning gives 
us the origin of ;t after xu as|follovvs. "VV. this letter isborrowed from 
the Gothic or Saxon, and receives its name improperly, from its 
shape, not from the sound. Had we retained WEN the Saxon name, 
it would have facilitated the understanding of its power. It is used 
before vowels except u. This exception" originated "when the 
Gallic uu were introduced, insted of the Saxon" character which 
nearly resembles our y, " for it seems odd to have three uvv together. 
In the Saxon u follows the w as often as an other letter as" vvuvi, wurt, 
wurth, wunder. " As we write w as one letter and not vu we might 
have u after w as well as formerly ; but being too strict imitators of 
Gallic nicety, and at the same time forgetting the sources of our 
language, the u which follows the w in the original wwrds, has been 
changed into o, ow, oo, and we have done all we can to render the 
derivation of our wurds impracticable. At first indeed writers and 
printers were content with uu, in such wwrds, writing minder, from 
the Saxon wundor ; but afterwards thinking a vowel was still wanting, 
when the uu were" joined in " w, they thought it necessary to add 
another vowel to supply the seeming omission, and produced the wwrd 
wonder." See Note on Y. 



336 



APPENDIX. 



wasseling, m. 

waterfal, j. 1 Rl 25. 

warrior, m. 

waste, m. f. 

wave, B.w.wb.Buc. to put 

waul, 2 wb. 4to. 

wearisom, b. 

wearisomness, 3 B. 

welsh-rare-bit 

welsh, c. 

weezel, j. d. 

wezon, b. 



wevil, B. M F. 

wether, b. m. wb. f. 

welkin, m, d. f. 

wensday, 4 o. 

wale, b. 

welcome, j. f. Rl 26. 

unwelcome, m. 

wel ?5 

unwel ? 

welaway, b. c. 

welbeing ? 

welfare, f. 

whelk, m- b.- j. a shell 



off 



wasselling 

waterfall, b. 

warriou?\B.M.warrier i b. m, 

wast, m. o. 

waive, b, o, weive, c. o. 

wawl, J -|- b, wb. 

wearisome, m. 

wearisomeness, p. 

welsh-rabbit, p. 

welch, p. 

weazel, d. weesel, b. m. buc. 

weasel, b. j. buc c. 

wezand, j. c. 

weasand, b. m. buc. f. 

weazon, wb. wesil, j. 

weevil, j* ir. buc. d. 

weather, m # - 

wilking, m. 

Wednesday, p. 

waile, b. wail, b. 

cellcome 

unwellcome 

well, p. 

unwell, wb 

wel la way, b. 

we II being, j, 

well fare 

whilk, m. 

weltc } b. m. j. wilk, B. M. 



1 Waterfal and windfall ! Johnson's 4to-f- In Johnson's first 
abridgment they boll) have single I, and in Walker //• 

2 Wawl and caterwaul ! Johnson and Walker.-4- 

3 Bailey's folio has wearisom, donned liresome, and wearisom- 
ness .' tiresomeness! A double contradiction. 

4 Formerly this word was written as it is pronounced. 

5 The 11 is useless and contrary to the etymon. 

6 The other compounds of well might reject the superfluous I by 
Rule 25, page 20. 



APPENDIX. 



337 



wield, ' b. m, 
whay, m. 

whirligig, m 
whirl, b. m. J, c. 
whimsy, b. m. 
whir, c, 

whur, b. m, j. wb. 
whurring, b. 
whiz, p wb. 
wic, d.- p. c- 

wick, b. m. of a candle 
wiry, c. spiry, wr. c. 
firy, Cardell 
miry, wb. 
widgeon, b m. 
wince, b. aj j. f.- 

windfal. j. wb. Rl 25. 
windmil ? 
windgal ? 
wingshel ? 
winlerkil ? 
withal, p. c. 
windias, Rl 25. 



wich ? 3 

which, j. 

wiseaker ? weis sager, geb. 

wiih ? 



weild, b. m. 

whey, b. m. Pi 

whirly gig, m. 

whorle, b. whirle, b. folio 

whimsey, j. m. 

whirry, c. 

whurr, j. 

whining, j. b. 

ichizz whuz, b. 

wyck, d. wyche, d. 

wich, f. c. D. 

week, b. m» 

wiery, 2 c — j. wr. wire 

fiery, c. fire 

miery, mire' 

widgin, b. m. 

winch, j. b. m. quinchy 

quick, c. 

windfall, p, 

windmill, j. 

wind-gall, j. 

wingshell, j. 

winterkill 

with all 

windlass, j. b. winch, h« c, 

windless, b. m. 

witch, j. 

whitch, n. 

wiseacre, p. 

withe, c. withy, b. m. 

withz, h. 



i When several respectable authors of dictionaries cannot tell how 
to spell such words as this, and r/ding, citing ; not only may com- 
mon people be excused for occasional mistakes, hut all would be bene- 
fited by a reform of the whole of this tortuous and torturing class of 
Urords. If we should adopt the rule of putting DOUBLE \OWELS 
before DOUBLE CONSONANTS, and SINGLE VOWELS before 
SINGLE CONSONANTS, the whole would be eaj-y and simple, and 
no one would mistake the regular forms of weeld, yeeld.feeld, sheeld, 
and celing, llicving, receving, sezing. 

a This transposition cfe and r often occurs in Saxon and English 

a T before eh its a Norman corruption, which should be reformed. 

D D 



338 



APPENDIX. 



wiljy.slily, shily,drily.p274 
wizard, b. m. j. f. c. 
witherwrung, 1 J. 4to m. d- 

wo, 2 b. m. f. wb. 

woad, c. b. 

wulf, Saxon 

wun, b. Saxon 

wunder, Saxon 

\vunt,Saxon see note on werk 

wood, Gerard 

woodbine,c.B'a Aowy-suckle' 

wooden, b. f. 

woolen, 3 wb. see p. 227 

woosted, b. m. 

wrath, b.- 

rack, 4 

wreathe, 5 A. Br- py. f. e. 

unwreathe, py. 

inwreathe, j. py. e. 

ring? 4 

ritten ? Chaucer 



wyly, dryly, shyly, slyly 

wizzard, j.+ wisard, b. c. 

witherung, A. 

witherrung, j. ab. & folio 

woe, m. f. wb. 

wood, b. wad, b. 

wolf, p. 

won, p. 

wonder, p. 

wont, p. 

would, p. 

woodbind, b.tm. j. c. 

woodden, n 

woollen, b. j. m. pv.n. 

worsted, m. b. . 

wroth, b. 

wrack, b, wreck, b. 

wreath, b. m. c. j. ry. e. . 

unwreath, j. A. c. e. 

in wreath, c. 

wring, p. 

written, p. 



, This word, like falchion, shows the extreme carelessness of Lexi- 
cographers, and their servile copying of each other, whether right or 
wrong. Johnson's folio omitted the w hy mistake, and the abridg- 
ment, published the next year, had the same error ; which is faith- 
fully copied by Jones, Sheridan, WALKER, Mavor, and Browne. 
Johnson corrected the error, in the 4th edition of his great dictionary, 
and it is right in Martin and Dyche, who preceded Johnson ; and in 
Perry, Buchanan and Chalmers. . See note on falchion. 

2 All words ending in OE or OW might be corrected, like wo. See 
note on hoe. The e final is useless and obsolescent. 

3 On this word Perry has not exercised his usual vigilance. 

4 See note on riggle. 

5 Wreathe. Dr. Johnson spelt inwreathe with e final, and wreath 
and unwreath without it; and in this, he has been blindly copied by a 
dozen different Lexicographers. WALKER pointedly condemns, and 
yet adopts the same absurdity ! 



yar, c. 
yot? R124. 
yean, d. b. 



yarr, d. 

yacht, b. d. yatch, m. i>. b. 

ean, m.- b. 



APPENDIX, 



339 



yern, w.f. 

yest, m. d,- w.- 

yex, d.- b. 

yelk, b. m.- j.- d.- w. 

yerk, see jerk 

yoke, b. m,- d.- 

y under ? Saxon 

yung? jung, German 

yure ? yu ? 

yule, b. m. 

yuth? 1 like truth 



yearn, w.- f. 
yeast, m.- d. w. 
yux, d. 
yolk, b.- m. w. 

yoak, b. m.d. 
yonder, p. 
young, d. 
your, p. you, p. 
jule, Turner 
youth, p. 



i In yule, Y comes before U without any offense, and so it might 
in other words; and yung, y under, yu, yuth, yure, are more correct, 
independently of vicious practice, and Norman corruptions, than the 
present forms of these anomalous words. Y in this respect, like double 
u, has been deprived of its proper right, without any apparent reason. 
The German is correct, and our scholars, on trial, will find that lan- 
guage of vastly more importance to the knowledge of English, than 
Latin and Greek. 



Zigzag, w. 
zinc, py. w. 
zocle, d. 



ziczac, Dillwyn 
zink, m. wb. zinck, b. 
socle, d. zogco, D. 



4 Zinc and zinciferous are to be preferred : indeed wherever we 
can reclaim the original letter to its proper place and use, it ought to 
be done, because it is simpler, easier, and more correct, according to 
the original Saxon, in whieh k was scarcely ever used until the lan- 
guage of Britain was corrupted by the Normans. 

REMARKS. 

From this review, it appears that nearly FOUR 
THOUSAND words are variable in our best dictionaries ; 
and that common practice is often at variance with the 
highest authority, discordant with the clearest analogy, 
and contradictory to the most obvious and undoubted 
etymology. Such is the present state of our language, tho 
most persons suppose that ""Johnson's Dictionary has 
fixed its external form.'' 1 



340 



APPENDIX, 



Words with the termination ough.* 

The orthography and pronunciation of 
words of this class differ so widely, that the 
errors of learners in writing them are excu- 
sable. The following arrangement of them, 
according to their pronunciation, may be 
useful. 



Bough 






Bon 


Clough, a cliff 






Clou 


Plough, better plow 






Pl.u 


Slough, a miry place* 






SI »u 


Sough, w.f 






Sou 


Through 






Thru 


Dough 






Do? 


Furlough 






Fulo 


Though 






Tho 


Although 






Altho 


Borough 






Burro 


Thorough 






Thurro 


Enough 






Enuf 


Rough 






Ruf 


Slough, the cast skin of 


a snake 


or sore 


Sluf 


Chough 






Chuf 


Tough 






r u f 


Clough, an allowance in 


weight, 


now general- ~) 


Clof 


ly and better written 


doff. 


£ 


Cough 






Cof 


Sough, py.f 






Sof, py. 


Trough 






Trof 


Hough 






Hoc 


Lough 






Loc 


Shough 




I 


Shoe 



*This barbarous termination might very well be spared from the 
language, and the words spelt as they are pronounced, in the second 
column. 

f Walker says " rh\m,3s now,'' and Perry spells the pronunciation 
sqf. 



APPENDIX. 341 

Monosyllables in which the terminations ie and y, are 
either transposed or changed in some of their deriv- 
atives. 

Cry, crier, cried, crieth, crying 

Die, dier, died, dieth, dying 

Dry, drier, dried, drieth, drying, drily, driness 

Fly, flier, flieth, flying 

Fry, frier, fried, frieth, frying f 

Hie, hied, hietn, hying 

Lie, to rest, lier, lieth, lying 

Lie, to Jib, liar, lied, lieth, lying 

Ply, plier, plied, plieth, plying 

Pry, prier, pried, prieth, prying 

Shy, shily, shin ess 

Sly, slily, sliness 

Spy, spier, spied, spieth, spying 

Tie, tier, tied, tieth, tying 

Try, trier, tried, trieth, trying 

Vie, vied, vieth, vying 

IE in these words should be changed into Y, as has 
been done in all words that excede three letters. Dy, hy, 
ly, ty, vy, tho short words, would look as well as fny, by. 

Final y, when under the accent, is changed into i be- 
fore a termination beginning with a consonant, as dry, 
drily, driness ; shy, shily, shiness. 

In Mr. Walker's dictionary we have dryly and dry- 
ness ; shily and shiness ; slyly and sliness ! 

Compound words should retain the spelling of their 
simples, and be coupled by a hyphen, as dry-nurse, dry- 
shod, fly-blow, fly-catcher, sly-boots. But whenever the 
two words coalesce into one, the i takes the place of y, 
as mercy, merciless; penny, penniless. The termina- 
tion ey is sometimes retained, as moneyless, and often 
dropped, as obey, obeisance; honey, honied; money, 
monied ; volley, vollied. Bailey spells money, mony ; of 
course monilcss would be regular and analogous to pen- 
niless, and the course of our language strongly tends to 
the rejection of EY final. 

dd2 



342 



APPENDIX, 



Anomalies that need to be altered in a slight degree 
to make the primitive and derivatives correspond. 



explain 


explane 


explanation 


prevail 


j re vale 


rirevalence 


reveal 


revele 


revelation 


speak 


speek 


speech 


repeat 


repete. buc- 


repetition like 




competd 


competition 


redeem 


redeme 


redemtion 


acclaim 


acclame 


exclamation 


exclaim 


exclame 


exclamation 


proclaim 


proclame 


declamation 


reclaim 


reclame 


reclamation 


declaim 


declame 


declamation like 




defame 


defamation 


repair 


repare 


reparation 


compare and 


prepare 


preparation like 




declare 


declaration 


congeal 


congele 


congelation 


proceed 


procede 


procedure 


succeed 


succede 


succession like 




precede 


precession 


exceed 


excede 


excess 


relieve 


releve 


relevant 


reave 


reve, b. 


reft 


bereave 


bereve 


bereft 


thieve 


theve 


theft 


sieve 


siv 


sift 


give 


^iv 


gift 


have 


hav 


haft 


sleep 


slepe 


slept 


keep 


kepe 


kept 


feel 


fele 


felt 


steal 


stele 


stelth 


weal 


wele 


weltft 


heat 


hele 


helth 


deal 


dele 


delt 


spell 


spel 


spelt 



APPENDIX. 



343 



will 
shall 



wil 

shal 

vane 



wilt 

shalt 

vanity 



Almost all words that have ee or ea, ie or ei, had 
formerly three vowels, and would have been better 
abridged, by omitting one of the intermediate vowels, 
and retaining the final vowel. Inattention to this fact 
has brought in such contradictions as repair and prepare; 
both of which were formerly spelt with three vowels and 
alike, as repaire, prejmire, and both ought to be as 
above suggested. This would make the spelling of these 
words simple and correct. 

Arch pronounced like artsh. 



Arch 

Arched 

Archeth 

Arching 

Archer 

Archery 

Archbishop 



Archbishopric 
Archchanter 

Archdeacon 
Archdeaconry 
Archdeaconship 
Archduke 

Archduchess 2 



(Archenemy 

Archfiend 

Archprelate 

Archphilosopher 

Arch presbyter 

Archtraitor 

Archwise. 



Arch pronounced like ark. 



Archaiologic 

Archaiology 

Archaism 

Archangel 

Archangelic 



Archetype 
WciiidiacVnal 
v tchiepiscopal 
Archipelago 
iTchiteci 



• Architectonic 
(Architectural 
: Architecture 
| Architrave 
(Archives. 



• See Walker's Principles of Pronunciation, p. 54. 

a In the dictionaries of Messrs. Chalmers and Walker we find 
dutchess and archduchess ! See, page 240. 



344 



APPENDIX. 



Words ending in OON. 

The accented termination on of the 
French, is properly oon in English. The 
words marked with an asterisk, are found 
also in on; and those marked with an obe- 



lisk, sot 


netimes doul 


)le the midd 


le conso 


nants. 








Baboon 




picaroon 




cacoon 




macaroon 


- 


racoon, b. 


py- a. t • 


maroon 




cocoon 




quadroon 




pucoonf 




ceroon 




chacoon 




monsoon 




patacoon 




basoon* f 




cardoon* 




casoon* f 




lardoon 




gossoon 




rigadoon 




festoon 




buffoon 


- 


poltroon* 




tifoonf or 


tuffoon 


platoon* 




dragoon 




batoonf 




sashoon 




ratoonf 




saloon 




bretoon* 




shaloon* f 




poutoon* 




pantaloon 




spontoon* 




doubloonf 




cartoon* 




baloon* f 




melacotoon 




lampoon 




musketoon 




harpoon 




3upetoon* f 





APPENDIX, 



345 



Adjectives in OUS and OSE, might be 
spelt uniformly in OS, like nouns in OR, 
and thus the primitive and derivative would 
be similar. Adjectives that have e mute 
in the end, might omit the silent letter. 



Aquose 


aquos 


aquosify 


acetose 


acetos 


acetosity 


verbose 


verbos 


verbosity 


animose 


animos 


animosity 


globose 


globos 


globosity 


jocose 


jocos 


jocosity 


pilose 


pilos 


pilosity 


generous 


generos 


generosity 


curiows 


curios 


curiosity 


leprows 


lepros 


leprosity 


carioz/s 


carios 


carosity 


poroz« 


poros 


porosity 


glebows 


glebos 


glebosity 


monstrous 


monsiros 


monsirosity 


carnows 


carnos 


carnosity 


crino?« 


crinos 


crinosity 


active 


activ 


activity 


passive 


passiv 


passivity 


festive 


lestiv 


festivity 


captive 


c«ij>tiv 


captivity 


native 


nativ 


nativity 


ductile 


duct il 


ductility 


fertile 


fertil 


fertility like 




steril 


sterility 


futile 


futil 


futility 


facile 


facil 


facility 


fragile 


fragil 


fragility 


facile 


facil 


facility 


imbecile 


imbecil 


imbecility 


puerile 


pueiil 


puerility 


virile 


viiil 


virility 


senile 1 


seuil 


senility 



These terminations were formerly sounded long, but 
the pronunciation being altered, the orthography should 
follow. 



346 APPENDIX. 

REMARKS. 

It may not be improper here to add a few words on 
the omission of the letter k, at the end'of words of two 
or more syllables ; and this is the more necessary because 
several of the dictionaries used in compiling the work, 
retain it. 

Mr. Chalmers tells us that 'the English [should] 
never use c at the end of a word.' And Mr. Walker in 
his Principles of Pronunciation, says, ' it has been a 
custom within these twenty years to omit the k at the 
end of words when preceded by c* This has intro- 
duced a novelty into the language, which is that of end- 
ing a word with an unusual letter, and is not only a 
blemish in the face of it, but may possibly produce some 
irregularity in future formatives ; for mimicking must be 
written with the k, though to mimic is without it. If we 
use colic as a verb, which is not uncommon, we must 
write colicking and colicked ; and though physicking 
and physicked are not the most elegant words, they are 
not out of the line of formation. This omission of k, is 
however too general to be counteracted even by the au- 
thority Johnson : but it is to be hoped it will be confined 
to words from the learned languages : and indeed, as 
there is not the same vanity of appearing learned in the 
Saxon, as in the Latin and Greek, there is no great fear 
that thick and stick will lose their Ar, though they never 
had it in the original.' 

Notwithstanding the retention of the k in the body of 
of his dictionary, in conformity to Johnson, it appears 
that Mr. Walker was in the habit of bending to necessity 
in his common practice,wherein we find him writing cubic, 
gigantic, music, philippic, and other words from the 
Latin and Greek, without the k. 

It has been already remarked that the compiler of 
this work is more solicitous to balance the discordancies 
of the authorities which he consulted, than to exercise 
his own individual opinion. In a few instances, how- 
ever, he has ventured to put in a claim for etymology, 
and in others for analogy, while custom pleaded the 
right of possession. He is fully aware that the attempt 
to render a service to the instructers of youth may expose 



APPENDIX. 347 

him to censure, not only for the little he has done, but 
for the imperfect manner in which that little is executed. 
He is aware also, that he may be accused of making too 
free with the errors of others, and being insensible to his 
own. To this he has no better defense, than that the 
nature of the work imposed upon him the task of notic- 
ing such errors ; and that if his labors fail of success, he 
will be content to plead guilty, in having attempted to 
do that for which a good intention was his only qualifi- 
cation. 

[" Some of the British Lexicographers afford a remark- 
able illustration of the fact, that if a man has not in early 
life been well taught in his mother tongue, and acquired 
a habit of attending to its orthography, hardly any extent 
of after reading will supply this defect." Martin, Bu- 
chanan, Ash, Entick, Fenning, Barclay and PERRY, 
are better than Johnson, Sheridan, Jones, Todd, Chal- 
mers and WALKER. 

In pronunciation, and generally in orthography, Perry 
is by far the most accurate of all the British Lexicogra- 
phers. In the former, I have never found him wrong, 
according to the best practice of this country; and in the 
latter, he has excelled all his predecessors, in consistency 
and uniformity. 

At the time of writing this note, Dr. Webster's great 
Dictionary is one half printed, and it is quoted in the 
foregoing list, through the letter I. The reference wb. 
since that, is generally from the 12mo of 1806, and the 
small book of 1817 ; both of which are far superior to 
any foreign Dictionary previously published.] Ed. 






CORRECTIONS. 
Page. 

10, last line, dele and Martin, and. read prefers for prefer. 
20, Rule 19, lusted of pr^/er s to s^/K t T read prefer s or cto soflt. 

Rule 25, for except ss, read except ess. 
41, No. 22, read r/wte// for instead. 
68, No. 5, rune is lietter than rhyme. 
83, No. 53. ./«ce. Wb 4to has jvse. 
104, No. 5, 13th line, for sometime, read sometimes. 
187, Letter 27 should be 47. 

214, last line, for far tuious, -read fictitious. 

215, 7th line of iVoie, for seem, read seems. 

216, 2d, line from fie bottom for /6c, read f/?e, 

221, 1st line of rote, for though, read tho. 3d line, for memorializing, 

read mem >ritilizui%. 
225, 5th line, f< r m/rv, read may. 

228, 24th line, 3d column, add Preferrable, H.=* 27th line, 2d col- 
umn, for infer'ibic, read inferable. 
247, for laniard. -t c . read laniards, wb. 

274, line 19, dele n*. author, and 4tb line of Note, dele aeogtf fftmMfc 
See Note 3 n: 322. 

In the multitude t >f references, mistakes are most likely to occur. 
Some of the references are tp the words as used by the authors, in 
their definitions tho not in their stock. 

N. B. No two editions nf a bonk are exactly alike, and the same 
edition is often found with a different spelling, where alterations 
have been insjprfted n the ;-tereotyp3 plates, or corrections made while 
striking off. 



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